1. Human A&P Warm Up Identify the term used to describe the process to the right. Explain what could happen if the process to the right is not maintained.

2. Objective and Agenda We will……discuss the adrenal glands and pancreas’ function in the human body.

3. Adrenal Glands Slide 9.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two glands  Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers  Medulla – inner neural tissue region  Sits on top of the kidneys

4. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Slide 9.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)  Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance  Target organ is the kidney  Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone

5. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Slide 9.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)  Promote normal cell metabolism  Help resist long-term stressors  Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

6. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Slide 9.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sex hormones  Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

7. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Slide 9.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)  Epinephrine  Norepinephrine  These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

8. Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Slide 9.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.12

9. Conditions associated with the adrenal glands Addison’s disease (hyposecretion): bronzing of the skin and problems with electrolyte and water balance. Cushing’s syndrome(hypersecretion): “moon face” and appearance of “buffalo hump”; many physical effects Masculization (hypersecretion of sex hormones): beard develops and masculine pattern of body hair

10. Pictures

11. Pair Share What endocrine organ causes the problems to the right? What is the difference between the two? What is the scientific term for the different situations?

12. A woman with excessive body hair and a deep voice shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction? Pair Share

13. Name the hormone that can be given as a drug to reduce inflammation and deal with pain? Bertha, age 40, comes to the clinic, troubled by swelling in her face and unusual fat deposition on her back and abdomen. She reports that she bruises easily. Blood test show elevated glucose levels. What is your diagnosis, and what glands might be causing the problem? Coritsol Cushing’s syndrome Adrenal cortex – excessive production of glucocorticoids

14. Pancreatic Islets Slide 9.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The pancreas is a mixed gland  The islets of the pancreas produce hormones  Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells  Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells  These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

15. Pancreatic Islets Slide 9.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.13

16. Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar Slide 9.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.14

17. Conditions of the Pancreas Diabetes mellitus: “something sweet passing through” Cardinal signs: 1.Excessive urination to flush out glucose/ketones 2.Excessive thirst resulting from water loss 3.Hunger due to inability to use sugars and the loss of fats and proteins from the body

18. Pineal Gland Slide 9.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Secretes melatonin  Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles  May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions

19. Thymus Slide 9.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Located posterior to the sternum  Largest in infants and children  Produces thymosin  Matures some types of white blood cells  Important in developing the immune system

20. Why may the incidence of diabetes be going up in the United States? Pair Share

21. Closure I will….compose an explanation of why Type II diabetes has become such a problem in the United States.