1. 1 Security Sector Reform: The Slovak Lessons Learned presented by Col (Ret.) Jozef ULIAN, PhD The War Veterans Union of the Slovak Republic

2. 2 Who We Are? non-profit non-governmental organization of veterans of foreign missions think-tank in area of foreign, security and defense policy member of S. P. I. A. activities to celebrate the 20 th Anniversary of Deployment of the Slovaks in ICM: - Commemoration Desk to honor the Slovak Peacekeepers in Daruvar (Croatia) on the May 4, 2013 - 9 th Annual Shooting Memorial of killed in missions - 3 rd Annual March to memory of victims of struggle for freedom, peace, and democracy - and many others

3. 3 Agenda Introduction - What SSR stands for? 1.The Slovak 20 years in ICM 2.The UN Approach to SSR 3.The EU Policy Framework for SSR 4.NATO Military Operations to support SSR 5.Lessons Learned of V4C in SSR 6.Challenges for V4C in SSR 7.Recommendation for WoGA in SSR Instead of Conclusion

4. 4 SSR (1990) - transformation of security of the CEEC EU Security Strategy (2003) calls for Capabilities in SSR The first SSR missions MONUC and UNMIL (2003) SSR defined by OECD Ministers (2004): - core security actors - security management - justice and law enforcement institutions - non-statutory security forces UN Sec Gen Report: Role of the UN in SSR (2008) The UN Roster of SSR Experts (2009) - 50 Pool of the EU SSR Experts (2010) - 122 Introduction

5. 5 1.The Slovak 20 years in ICM May 1, 1993, SLOVENGBAT into UNPROFOR Since 1993 - 32 operations and field missions: = 6 NATO – led operations =16 UN operations and missions = 4 EU missions = 3 OSCE missions = 3 Coalition operations - 16 000 soldiers and airmen in 21 countries at 3 continents (Europa, Asia, Africa) - 56 Slovak soldiers and civilians died in ICM

6. 6 1.Current Participation in ICM Mission Country - Number of (Armed Forces, Police, Civilians) NATO ISAF Afghanistan 253 NATO HQ Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 EU ALTHEA Bosnia and Herzegovina 34 EUMM Georgia 6 (1 + 4 + 1) EULEX Kosovo 4 EUBAM Moldova/Ukraine 4 EUPOL Afghanistan 2 EUPOL COPPS Palestine 1 UN UNFICYP Cyprus 159 UNTSO Syria and Israel 2

7. 7 2. The UN Approach to SSR UN Global responsibility - political, economic, and military tools Holistic and coherent “One-UN Approach” to SSR based on OECD Concept Security as a condition for peace, stability, development, and human rights SSR not separated of national policies Effective Government and civilian oversight of Armed Forces 5 UN SSR Missions – BINUB, MONUC, UNIFIL, UNMIT, UNOCI experience in SSR is the key for engagement UP in ICM

8. 8 3. The EU Framework Policy for SSR Regional responsibility - synergy of political and economic tools Comprehensive Approach to SSR based on OECD Concept Nationally owned reform processes Well-functioning security system/sector Transparency and accountability 2+7 CSDP/SSR missions with Examples of EC support - Albania, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Mali, some MENA Countries experience in SSR is not the key for engagement of UP in ICM

9. 9 4. NATO Military Ops to support SSR Regional responsibility – political, and military tools Intersection of stabilization operations and post-conflict reconstruction Initial engagement in Bosnia, Darfur, and Iraq Current one in Kosovo, Afghanistan, some MENA Countries To slow reaction on changes in political structure/strategic situation/nature of warfare different Armed Forces in new member countries experience in SSR is the key for engagement of UP in ICM

10. 10 5. LL of V4C in SSR Success of any organization depends on HR Why the best people were leaving Armed Forces when finished field missions? (problem in US, UK,…) Qualified individuals are not willing to cooperate with Government on security issues Higher Requirements for salary, housing, career, social security, … Security management of nearly all V4C failed to keep UP in service and/or prepare UP for job market

11. 11 6. Challenges for V4C in SSR V4C to deepen collaboration in SSR: Intellectual area - SSR in national documents IAW OECD - closer cooperation of national think – tanks Organizational area - justice sector included in SSR - Whole of Government Approach Support areas - hardware for core security actors compatible to international actors - NGO support to communicate civic society

12. 12 7. Recommendation for WoGA in SSR LL are experience of only these soldiers, airmen, policemen, custom officers, and civilians who understand Concept of SSR, take part in own country transformation, and participate in foreign missions 29 PKO provided SSR - related support proved UP to be involved in national SSR: as Active players in core security actors, security management as Senior Consultants of security management as Consultants of non-statutory security forces as Instructors of educational and training facilities as Consultants of non-governmental organizations as Proprietor of business sector with appreciate portfolio

13. 13 Instead of Conclusion If officers of the uniformed services do not play meaning full role in national security sector, no one can talk about reform Idea to return to "classical" UN missions could be feasible