1. SALINITY

2. Atomic structure Atoms are the building blocks of all matter Nucleus contains: Neutrons (no charge) Protons (+ charge) Outer shell(s) contain: Electrons (– charge)

3. The water molecule Composed of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms (H 2 0) Contains strong (covalent) bonds between atoms Unusual bend in geometry Has polarity (oppositely charged ends)

4. Interconnections of water molecules Polarity causes water molecules to form weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules Water sticks to itself and to other substances Allows water to be the universal solvent

5. The ocean moderates coastal temperatures Water has high heat capacity, so it can absorb (or release) large quantities of heat without changing temperature Moderates coastal temperatures

6. Salinity Salinity = total amount of solid material dissolved in water Can be determined by measuring water conductivity Typically expressed in parts per thousand (‰)

7. Constituents of ocean salinity Average seawater salinity = 35‰ Main constituents of ocean salinity: Chloride (Cl – ) Sodium (Na + ) Sulfate (SO 4 2– ) Magnesium (Mg 2+ )

8. Salinity variations Location/typeSalinity Normal open ocean33-38‰ Baltic Sea10‰ (brackish) Red Sea42‰ (hypersaline) Great Salt Lake280‰ Dead Sea330‰ Tap water0.8‰ or less Premium bottled water0.3‰

9. Ocean buffering Ocean pH = 8.1 (slightly basic) Buffering protects the ocean from experiencing large pH changes

10. Processes affecting seawater salinity Processes that decrease seawater salinity: Precipitation Runoff Icebergs melting Sea ice melting Processes that increase seawater salinity: Sea ice forming Evaporation

11. The hydrologic cycle

12. Surface salinity variation Pattern of surface salinity: Lowest in high latitudes Highest in the tropics Dips at the Equator Surface processes help explain pattern

13. Surface salinity variation High latitudes have low surface salinity High precipitation and runoff Low evaporation Tropics have high surface salinity High evaporation Low precipitation Equator has a dip in surface salinity High precipitation partially offsets high evaporation

14. Global surface salinity

15. Salinity variation with depth Curves for high and low latitudes begin at different surface salinities Halocline = layer of rapidly changing salinity At depth, salinity is uniform

16. Seawater density Factors affecting seawater density: Temperature ↑, Density ↓ (inverse relationship) Salinity ↑, Density ↑ Pressure ↑, Density ↑ Temperature has the greatest influence on surface seawater density

17. Density and temperature variations with depth

18. Pycnocline and thermocline Pycnocline = layer of rapidly changing density Thermocline = layer of rapidly changing temperature Present only in low latitude regions Barrier to vertical mixing of water and migration of marine life

19. Ocean layering based on density Mixed surface layer (surface to 300 meters) Low density; well mixed by waves, currents, tides Upper water (300 to 1000 meters) Intermediate density water containing thermocline, pycnocline, and halocline (if present) Deep water (below 1000 meters) Cold, high density water involved in deep current movement

20. Seawater desalination Desalination methods: Distillation Solar Heat Electrolysis Reverse osmosis Freeze separation