1. Which of the following is NOT a part of the theory of natural selection (1) Organisms compete for finite resources (2) Mutations cause variation among populations (3) Most juvenile animals survive to adulthood (4) Organisms adapt to changes when they must Organisms CANNOT adapt when they need to. Instead they just die.

2. Artificial Selection (selective breeding)

3. Variation ( mutations make differences in populations)

4. Overproduction of offspring (most will not survive)

5. Competition (resources are scarce, the best adapted survive)

6. Survivors reproduce and pass genes to offspring (traits with positive adaptive value remain)

8. Bacteria reproduce very quickly! Because of rapid asexual reproduction— and natural variation among them—at least one bacterium will always survive.

10. ADAPTIVE RADIATION They become different species!

13. The evolutionary pathways of ten different species are represented in the diagram below. Which statement is correct, based on the diagram? (1) Species C had many variations and lived in a stable, unchanging environment. (2) Species D, C, and J are extinct. (3) Species F evolved from species D. (4) Species J had little variation and lived in a changing environment.

16. Which of the following would most likely result in rapid evolution in a species of organism (1) Few mutations in a stable environment (2) Few mutations in a changing environment (3) Many mutations in a stable environment (4) Many mutations in a changing environment

18. Which statement is supported by the diagram? (1) Species C is the ancestor of species B. (2) Species D and E evolved from species B. (3) Species X evolved later than species D but before species B. (4) Both species C and species D are related to species X. The evolutionary pathways of five species are represented in the diagram.

19. Two species of animals with a similar appearance live in the same habitat but do not compete for food. This is because they most likely (1) reproduce at different times of the year (2) are the same size (3) occupy different ecological niches (4) are active at night

20. The cactus finch, warbler finch, and woodpecker finch all live on one island. Based on the information in the diagram below, which one of these finches is least likely to compete with the other two for food? Support your answer with an explanation.

22. According to the diagram here, which three species lived on Earth during the same time period? (1) robustus, africanus, afarensis (2) habilis, erectus, afarensis (3) habilis, robustus, boisei (4) africanus, boisei, erectus

23. A species in a changing environment would have the best chance of survival as a result of a mutation that has a (1) high adaptive value and occurs in its skin cells (2) low adaptive value and occurs in its skin cells (3) high adaptive value and occurs in its gametes (4) low adaptive value and occurs in its gametes WHY?

24. Which group would most likely have the greatest survival success during a long period of environmental changes? (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field of grass (2) a large population of red ants living in a forest (3) an endangered population of polar bears living near an iceberg (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar maple trees WHY?

25. In an area of Indonesia where the ocean floor is littered with empty coconut shells, a species of octopus has been filmed “walking” on two of its eight tentacles. The remaining six tentacles are wrapped around its body. Scientists suspect that, with its tentacles arranged this way, the octopus resembles a rolling coconut. Local predators, including sharks, seem not to notice the octopus when it behaves in this manner. This unique method of locomotion has lasted over many generations due to (1) competition between octopuses and their predators (2) ecological succession in marine habitats (3) the process of natural selection (4) selective breeding of this octopus species

26. Natural Selection in Action Bacteria are killed by antibiotics Some are killed quickly, but some are naturally more resistant and require several days If you do not finish your medicine you will kill off some and SELECT FOR the resistant ones The resistant ones survive and reproduce

28. (1) bright-colored females (2) dull-colored females (3) dull-colored males (4) bright-colored males

29. Which observation could best be used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species? (1) They have similar base sequences. (2) They have similar fur color. (3) They inhabit the same geographic regions. (4) They occupy the same niche. Means they live the same way (for example they both hunt or they both sleep during the day)

30. A species known as the Bird of Paradise has been observed in the jungles of New Guinea. Males shake their bodies and hang upside down to show off their bright colors and long feathers to attract females. Females usually mate with the “flashiest” males. These observations indicate (1) unusual courtship behaviors lead to extinction (2) some organisms are better adapted for asexual reproduction (3) homeostasis in an organism is influenced by physical characteristics (4) behaviors that lead to reproductive success have evolved

31. The remains of three organisms are shown below. A study of these remains would indicate that these organisms have (1) identical food preferences (3) structural similarities (2) identical body sizes (4) habitat similarities

32. Studies of the finches of the Galapagos Islands have shown that (1) DNA will change to produce structures needed by birds to survive intense competition (2) a bird’s beak changes annually in response to the type of food that is most abundant each year (3) natural selection occurs when there are scarce resources and intense competition (4) the beak of a finch will change if the environment of the bird remains stable