1. PHYSIOLOGY

2. FUNCTIONING OF THE HEART Blood is pumped around the body from the heart via the aorta. The blood is pumped out under pressure and this varies according to the activities that are being pursued at the time. The device used to measure blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer

3. BLOOD PRESSURE Two readings are taken when measuring blood pressure 1.Systolic Pressure: this is the pressure at which the blood moves through the heart when the heart contracts 2.Diastolic Pressure: this is the force at which the blood travels through the heart when it relaxes

4. BLOOD PRESSURE An average blood pressure reading is: 120/80

5. 3 MINUTE ACTIVITY With the person beside you, discuss what factors you think could affect a persons blood pressure

6. FACTORS AFFECTING BP Sex Age Exercise Diet Smoking

7. HEART RATE This is the measure of how many times the heart beats per minute

8. Now that you know Heart rate is affected by short term events…….. What factors do you think affect heart rate?????

9. FACTORS WHICH CAN AFFECT HEART RATE ARE: Exercise Drugs Illness Temperature Emotions Stress

10. Why does HR increase with increasing intensities of exercise? Heart rate increases in order to supply working muscles with oxygen. INTENSITY O2 DEMAND TO WORKING MUSCLES HEART RATE TO PUMP O2 TO MUSCLES

11. STROKE VOLUME This is the amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat. It is measured in Litres (L). CARDIAC OUTPUT This is the amount of blood ejected by the heart during a 1 minute period. It is measured in litres per minute (L/min)

12. CO = SV x HR E.g. Calculate the CO for an athlete with a stroke volume of 85ml/beat and a heart rate of 155bpm. CO = 85/1000 x 155 = 13.2 L/min

13. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A.Nasal Passage B.Pharynx C.Larynx D.Trachea E.Bronchioles F.Alveoli G.Diaphragm H.Pleura

14. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory System - very funny Gas Exchange

15. INSPIRATION Is the process of breathing in The two anatomical structures involved in this are the ribs and the diaphragm When we breath in, the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) contract causing the ribs to move upward and outward. The effect this has on the lung is to make their volume larger

16. The lungs are now at low pressure with respect to the air outside Air always moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure Air moves into the lungs

17. EXPIRATION Is the process of breathing out The two anatomical structures involved in this are the ribs and the diaphragm

18. EXPIRATION PROCESS When we breathe out the intercostal muscles relax moving the ribs down and in. This decreases the lung volume. The diaphragm returns to its original dome shape further decreasing the lung volume. Lungs are at high pressure compared to the air outside. Air moves from high to low pressure. Air moves out of the lungs.

19. GAS EXCHANGE Gas exchange invovles two gases – these are –Oxygen –Carbon Dioxide This occurs at the alveoli (in the lungs)

20. The alveoli are covered in a network of capillaries The alveoli and capiliaries are only 1 cell thick Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood by diffusion.

21. IMMEDIATE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Bodies ResponseWhy Does This Occur? Incr Stroke Volume Heart Contractions are stronger, heart moves more blood into the body so SV increases Incr Heart RateIncreases to pump more blood to working muscles Blood sent to working muscles and away from others Skeletal muscle needs more blood (i.e. o2), so more is pumped to these areas Increase Blood Pressure CO influences BP, so if CO increases so will BP (during exercise) Increase Breathing Rate Number of breaths you take per minute will increase as you try to get more o2 to your body Red face/skinMechanism to cool the bodies temperature Increase o2 Uptake (VO2) This is a measure of the work being done by the body so it will increase with exercise. How much it increases depends on the intensity of the exercise Increased SweatingMechanism to cool the bodies temperature

22. Why do you think people go white when they are really cold? It is our bodies way of protecting our internal organs. The blood supply is sent inwards to keep these vitals organs warm!

23. EXERCYCLE ACTIVITY Pre- Exercise During Exercise Post- Exercise HR Breaths Per Min Chest Movement Skin Colour Sweating

24. ENERGY SYSTEMS What is ATP? ATP is a chemical compound responsible for producing energy for work. ATP = adenosine triphosphate ATPADP P ENERGY

25. Our diet provides the basic ingredients for making ATP. These are: -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Fats In our bodies there are 3 main pathways for the breakdown of ATP to make energy. These systems are dependent on the type of activity being performed. The 3 pathways are: -ATP-CP -Lactic Acid -Aerobic Anaerobic System

26. ATP – CP SYSTEM This energy system is for immediate activity This system uses ATP stored in the muscle cells This is the main source of energy for activities lasting 0-10 seconds This system does not require oxygen and does not cause a build up of lactic acid which can impair performance For example, sprints up to about 100m

27. LACTIC ACID SYSTEM This system is for short term activity The main source of energy for this system is carbohydrate This system provides energy for short term high intensity exercise These efforts last from 30sec up to 3 mins e.g. 400m run or 100m swim Because this system does not require oxygen but uses carbohydrates only, significant amounts of lactic acid can build up that will cause performance to decrease.

28. AEROBIC SYSTEM This system is for long term activity This system provides energy for long term low intensity exercise These efforts tend to last longer than 3 minutes and intensities that vary from very easy to very hard (but not maximal) e.g. marathon running. Because this system requires oxygen to burn carbohydrates and fat, lactic acid does not build up, hence there is no effect on performance.

29. Summary Table Energy System ATP-CPLactic AcidAerobic Type of Pathway Anaerobic: immediate Anaerobic: short term Aerobic: Long term Intensityhigh low Fuel UseATPCarbohydrat es Carbs + fats Duration of Pathway 0-10 secs30 sec up to 3 mins 3+ minutes

30. FAST FEET DRILL Explain in detail why it is difficult to sustain high intensity footwork like this for more than 1 minute? You need to refer to: –Energy Systems Involved –Time –Intensity –Fuel –Waste Product

31. The reason it is hard to maintain high intensity footwork for more than 2-3 minutes is the energy system being used. There are 3 energy systems that the body has. One is the ATP-CP system which is used for 100% intensity and 0-10 second activities. The second is the lactic acid system which is used for high intensity and 10 sec – about 3 min activities. The aerobic system is used for moderate intensity and long term activities.

32. When doing fast feet for 2-3 minutes the body would have been using the lactic acid system. The fuel for this system is glycogen which is stored in the muscles. The reason you cannot maintain the high intensity fast feet is because when your muscles work at a high intensity they produce the waste product of lactic acid. This builds up in the muscles and blood and prevents the body from continuing to work at a high intensity. Therefore high intensity activity can only be maintained for a short time. When this happens you feel muscle burn.

33. ENERGY SYSTEMS GRAPH Energy Contribution (%) Time (seconds) Key Aerobic Lactic Acid ATP-CP

34. The Breathing Process The process of breathing consists of 2 phases a)Inspiration b)Expiration