1. KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment.

2. Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive.
Detecting and responding to stimuli is key to an individual’s survival.
Internal stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own body.
hunger
thirst
pain

3. External stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings.
sound
sight
changes in day length or temperature
Fig. When threatened, a pufferfish responds by inflating itself with water until its spines stick out from its rounded body.

4. Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information.
information is transferred to the nervous system
nervous system may activate other systems in response
Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis.

5. Kinesis and taxis are two types of movement-related behaviors.
Kinesis is an increase in random movement.
Taxis is movement in a particular direction.

6. Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors.
Most behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli.
External stimuli may trigger internal stimuli.
Green anole reproductive behavior is triggered by internal and external stimuli.
Fig. The extended red dewlap of this male green anole announces to females that it is ready to mate. The dewlap is also used in territorial defense as a "keep out" signal to other males.

7. Some behaviors occur in cycles.
A circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of activity.
occurs over 24-hour period
run by a biological clock

8. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.
During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.
Fig. During hibernation, the dormouse's blood temperature drops from 36°C (97°F) to just above 0°C (32°F).

9. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.
During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.
During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another.

10. Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli.
An instinct is a complex inborn behavior.
Instinctive behaviors share several characteristics.
innate, born with the ability or performed correctly the first time
relatively inflexible

11. Many innate behaviors are triggered by a releaser.
releaser is a simple signal: touch, sight, sound, scent
herring gulls chicks and red dot releaser
environmental factors can affect innate behaviors

12. Many behaviors have both innate and learned components.
Learning takes many forms.
Habituation occurs when an animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus.
Imprinting is a rapid and irreversible learning process.
critical period
Konrad Lorenz and graylag geese

13. In imitation, animals learn by observing the behaviors of others.
young male songbirds learn songs by listening to adult males
Snow monkeys learn to wash their potatoes before eating them by imitating the behavior of other individuals.

14. Learning is adaptive.
Animals that can learn can better adapt to new situations.
In associative learning, a specific action is associated with its consequences.
Conditioning is one type of associative learning.

15. There are two types of conditioning.
Classical conditioning: previously neutral stimulus associated with behavior triggered by different stimulus
Ivan Pavlov and salivating dog

16. There are two types of conditioning.
Operant conditioning: behavior increased or decreased by positive or negative reinforcement
B.F. Skinner and “Skinner boxes”

17. Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs.
The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship and reproduction rates.
both increase an individual’s fitness
both have costs

18. Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories. energy costs
opportunity costs
risk costs
Fig. While mating with the female, the smaller male Australian redback spider somersaults directly over the female's mouth, offering himself as her next meal.

19. Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs.
Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness.
Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area.
benefits: control resources
costs: energy and time
Fig. These male Siberian tigers are very territorial. Fights over territory can lead to serious injury or even death.

20. Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost.
benefits: amount of energy gained
costs: energy used to search for, catch, and eat food; risk of capture; time

21. Animal intelligence is difficult to define.
Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning.
awareness
ability to judge
ability to solve complex problems
Other factors affecting an animal’s behavior may seem like cognition.
Fig. While considered to have fewer cognitive abilities than other primates, studies have shown that lemurs have the ability to remember long sequences of images and can place images in the correct order.

22. Some animals can solve problems.
Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error.
observed in primates, dolphins, and corvids
chimpanzee retrieving hanging bananas

23. Tool use helps an animal accomplish a task.
some dolphins use sponges to protect and hunt
crows and chimpanzees make probing sticks
capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack nuts

24. Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups.
Intelligence in animals seems to be correlated with two characteristics.
relatively large brains for their body size
live in complex social groups

25. Cultural behavior spreads through a population by learning, not by selection.
taught to one generation by another
aided by living in close proximity