1. Compounding
Chapter 9

2. Compounding
Extemporaneous Compounding is the on-demand preparation of a drug product according to a physician’s prescription, formula or recipe.

4. EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND COMPOUNDING Terms
Balances: Balance measurements using a counterbalance are made using sets of standardized pharmaceutical weights. An electronic balance is easier to learn and use and is more accurate than other types of balances.
Forceps and Spatulas: Forceps should be used when picking up weights so that moisture and oils are not transferred to the weights. Spatulas are used in compounding tasks such as preparing ointments and creams or loosening material from the surfaces of a mortar and pestle.

6. Terms
Compounding Slab: This is an ideal surface for mixing compounds because of its nonabsorbent surface.
Mortar and Pestle: The coarser the surface of the mortar and pestle, the finer the triturating, or grinding, that can be done.
Graduates and Pipettes: Graduates come in two varieties: conical and cylindrical. A pipette is used for measuring liquids with a volume less than 1.5 mL

7. Small volumetric equipment
Syringe
Calibrated pipette
Single volume pipettes
Measure volume to edge of stopper.

8. Types of Equipment Molding Measuring
Hot plates, suppository molds, capsule shells, ointment slabs.
Packaging
Prescription bottles, capsule vials, suppository boxes, ointment jars.
Measuring
Balance, weights, weighing containers, volumetric glassware (graduates, pipets, flasks, syringes).
Mixing
Beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, spatulas, funnels, sieves, mortar and pestle.

9. Terms
Master Formula Sheet: Prepared by the pharmacist, this sheet indicates the amount of each ingredient needed, lists the procedures to follow, and provides the labeling instructions.

11. Terms Trituration – is the fine grinding of a powder.
Levigation - the trituration of a powder drug with a solvent in which the drug is insoluble. (ie: usually making a suspension or cream)
Both techniques reduce the particle size of the drug.

12. Mortar and Pestle Mortar and Pestle
The coarser the surface of the mortar and pestle, the finer the triturating, or grinding, that can be done.
Types
Glass
Wedgwood
Porcelain

13. Mixing Powders
When mixing powders of unequal size, the smaller amount is mixed (triturated) with an equal amount of the other. That mixture is then mixed with an equal amount of the larger amount powder. This process is repeated until the mixture is completed

14. TECHNIQUE FOR WEIGHING PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS
Weighing of the product is one of the most essential parts of the compounding process.
Weighing the exact amount prescribed is essential in compounds for several reasons: the product cannot be “checked” for content once mixed, the quantities weighed out are often very small.

15. 4 Step Process of Compounding
Measure:
use balance, weights, weighing containers, volumetric glassware
Mix:
use beakers, flasks, spatulas, mortar & pestle
Mold:
use suppository molds, capsule shells, ointment slabs
Package:
use prescription bottles, vials, suppository boxes, jars.

16. Compounding Slab
This is an ideal surface for mixing compounds because of its nonabsorbent surface.
Levigation
Technique used to reduce the particle size of a powder drug by triturating it with a solvent in which the drug is insoluble.

17. Ointments
Used for many different purposes, e.g., as protect ants, antiseptics, emollients, antipruritics, kerotolytics, and astrigents.
Transferring ointment into an
ointment jar.
Ointments are generally compounded
on an ointment slab.

18. Spatulation Mixes powders using a spatula.
Mixing can be done in a mortar, on an ointment slab, or in a plastic bag.

19. Suppositories Mold Suppository box Three types of bases:
Water soluble: containing glycerinated gelatin or polethylene glycols (PEGs).
Hydrophyllic: mixtures of oleaginous and water soluble bases.
Mold
Suppository box

20. Capsules
Hard gelatin capsules consist of a body and a cap which fits firmly over the body of the capsule.
For human use, eight sizes of capsules are available.
Sizes Volume ml
Bring in different sizes of capsules

21. Punch Method Used when filling a small number of capsules.
Have students make a capsule using the punch method
Give students a compound problem to solve using their calculation ability

22. Volumetric Equipment Graduated cylinders, pipettes & syringes
Always use the smallest device that will accommodate the desired volume.
Read volumetric equipment at eye level
Measure at the bottom of the meniscus – the bottom of the “U”.

24. Mixing Powdered Drugs with Water
When mixing water into a dry powder to reconstitute (pediatric antibiotics):
Measure the total amount of liquid needed in a graduated cylinder.
Add about half the water to dry powder (enough to saturate) and shake well.
Add remaining water and shake well again.

25. Suspension

26. Stability Stability Expiration date Beyond-use dates Shelf life
The extent to which a dosage form retains the same properties and characteristics that it possessed at the time of its manufacture.
Expiration date
The date until which the manufacturer can guarantee of the safety and full potency of a drug- usually determined after extensive study of the product’s stability.
Beyond-use dates
Used for compounded preparations only and are generally in the order of “days” or “months.”
Shelf life
Length of time a packaged drug will last without deteriorating

27. Guidelines
Good Compounding Practices Applicable to State Licensed Pharmacies
Model Rules for Sterile Pharmaceuticals
Technical Assistance Bulletin on Compounding Non-sterile Products in Pharmacies
Technical Assistance Bulletin on Quality Assurance for Pharmacy- Prepared Sterile Products
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

28. Compounding Read Chapter 9 Review Key Concepts Take Self Test
Have a great week!