1. Maturation of the Colonies

2. Essential Question  What does it mean to be American

3. Maturation of the Colonies  Population increase 1720: 400,000 1720: 400,000 1765: 2,000,000 1765: 2,000,000  Immigrants Highland Scots, Scots-Irish, and Germans Highland Scots, Scots-Irish, and Germans  Indentured Servitude & Slavery Continued increase Continued increase

4. The Plantation South  Growth in the South Families are established Families are established Population Quadruples Population Quadruples African Slave Population Booms African Slave Population Booms  Tobacco & Rice Coast Black Slaves become norm Black Slaves become norm Diversification of crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and others) Diversification of crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and others) African population from 7% - 40% of overall pop. African population from 7% - 40% of overall pop.

5. The Plantation South  Social Stratification Gentry – Slaveholders with plantations Gentry – Slaveholders with plantations Common Farmers – White families, little to no slaves, subsistence farming Common Farmers – White families, little to no slaves, subsistence farming Backcountry Whites – Hillbillies, poor farmers Backcountry Whites – Hillbillies, poor farmers Slaves – Africans used for manual labor Slaves – Africans used for manual labor

6. German Immigrants  Pulling Factor Religious Freedom (Mennonites, Lutherans, Baptists) Religious Freedom (Mennonites, Lutherans, Baptists) Profit (Landholdings) Profit (Landholdings) Inheritance for children Inheritance for children  The numbers 1749 – 1756: 40,000 German / Swiss Immigrants 1749 – 1756: 40,000 German / Swiss Immigrants  Where? Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia & Carolinas Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia & Carolinas  Held to German customs and languages

7. Scots-Irish Immigrants  Pushing Factor English mercantilism (heavy taxes) English mercantilism (heavy taxes)  Pulling Factor Religious Freedom (Presbyterian, Catholic, Calvinist) Religious Freedom (Presbyterian, Catholic, Calvinist) Economic Opportunity Economic Opportunity  The Numbers 1749 – 1756: 115,000 1749 – 1756: 115,000  Where? New Hampshire to North Carolina New Hampshire to North Carolina  Also held to customs and churches

8. The Backcountry South  Eastern Appalachian Mountains Scots-Irish & German Immigrants Scots-Irish & German Immigrants Poor farmers Poor farmers Fur traders Fur traders  Backcountry Evolves By 1760s: Frontier life changes By 1760s: Frontier life changes Establishment of churches, government, markets Establishment of churches, government, markets Frontier settlements Frontier settlements

9. Slavery in the South  Increase in numbers 1690: 15,000 1690: 15,000 1730: 80,000 1730: 80,000 1760: 325,000 1760: 325,000  Reasons for increase Mostly procreation of current slaves Mostly procreation of current slaves Increase in slave trade Increase in slave trade

10. African Slave Rebellions  Treatment of Slaves Hard Labor Hard Labor Worst condition on the continent Worst condition on the continent No freedoms, “Can’t set the devil’s free” No freedoms, “Can’t set the devil’s free”  Resistance to Slavery Fleeing to backcountry Fleeing to backcountry 1712: New York Slave Rebellion 1712: New York Slave Rebellion Stono Rebellion, South Carolina Stono Rebellion, South Carolina  Results of Rebellion White fears rise White fears rise Harsh treatment of slaves to keep from rebellion Harsh treatment of slaves to keep from rebellion

11. African – American Culture  African Cultures Diverse African cultures Diverse African cultures Common experiences in slavery Common experiences in slavery  Development of African-American Culture Hybrid of Christianity and African Religions Hybrid of Christianity and African Religions Importance of family, kinship Importance of family, kinship  Family Hardships Separation through sale Separation through sale White and African-American relations White and African-American relations

12. The Reading  Comparing American Voices: Crevecoeur & Plumb Martin  Read Edward L. Hudgins Article…does he have the same definition?