1. HOW TO GROW COCOA SUSTAINABLY  How cocoa is grown & processed  Environmental & social problems in the cocoa belts  History of Cocoa from an economic view  Current efforts to foster sustainability

2. Growing the Beans

3. Harvesting the Beans

4. Fermenting & Drying

5. Promoting Sustainability: with Mat é riel Solar Driers Moisture Meters Machetes Boots Scales

6. Environmental & Social Problems in the Cocoa Belts

7. Social Problems  Lack of access to education  Farmer gets 20% of farmgate price  HIV/AIDS  Children moving to cities  Lack of access to l To education l Information l Electricity l Running water l Toilets

8. Social/Economic History of Cocoa in West Africa  1880s: Tetteh Quarshie  1885: Scramble for Africa  1906: Cadbury lawsuit  1945: end of colonialism  1958: independence of Ghana  Post WWII: Rawlings vs Houphouët-Boigny  1980s: World Bank as Economic Hit-man  1993: Death of Houphouët-Boigny  2001: child slavery issues  2004: last 8,000 French leave Côte d ’ Ivoire

9. Ghana vs Côte d ’ Ivoire: Central Control vs Laissez Faire Capitalism  COCOBOD of Ghana l Positives & negatives l Kuapa Kokoo--existence  Corruption of Côte d ’ Ivoire l Murder of Jean Helene l Disappearance of Guy-André Kieffer

10. Solutions??  Top-down approach (Jeffrey Sachs) l World Bank applies pressure to central governments -OR-  Bottom-up approach (William Easterly) l Villages

11. Current Players  ILRF & Global Exchange  Harkin & Engel  WCF  Project Hope & Fairness  Fair Trade and Organic chocolate companies

12. Conclusion  Development of a continent that has been village-based since the dawn of human time is not easy. So far, I’ve discovered… l Paternalistic approach does not work l Top-down development efforts do not work l Bottom-up development efforts can work sometimes  Social problems reflect false assumptions, racism, greed, and corruption.