1. CH.14 Questions – Strayer Global Commerce Direct comparisons and analysis of the global economic activities of Sea-based European trading empires.

2. European motivations in Asian Commercial Markets Tropical spices, silk, cotton, gems Recovery from Black Death—new emergence, national monarchies and gunpowder weapons Market exchange – private ownership and accumulation of capital – gold and silver (mercantilism/capitalism) Circumvent Muslim Egypt and Venice Needed to afford eastern goods. Trade Deficit.

3. Portuguese and Spanish economic empire building The Spanish and Portuguese sought to exploit Asian markets, gain wealth, quell resistance and use force. Each had gunpowder, cannons and military to aid their efforts. Portugal met more resistance and relied on naval warfare to put down rebellions like the one in Mombasa. Unlike the Spanish who were able to take control of the Philippines with less bloodshed. The Philippines were not as politically organized like the former Swahili City- States and India where the Portuguese tried to establish markets, therefore the Portuguese were less successful initially and needed to be more militaristic.

4. Each of them imposed economic controls on the native populations. The Portuguese established the cartaz, or pass, that charged 6-10% on Cargo. On the other hand, the Spanish took a more imperial form and taxed natives, took tribute, imposed unpaid labor and relocation. This difference, in part, is due to Portugal’s desire to establish a trading post and not a traditional colony. The Spanish were attempting to dominate the Philippines, force conversions to Christianity and establish Spanish culture there.

5. Each empire was concerned with the aquisiton of new resources. The Portuguese were mainly concerned with trying to monopolize spice whereas the Spanish were motivated by having a trading post for the transport of silver. The Portuguese tried to seize large quantities of textiles, cotton and other resources, while the Spanish tried to use the native population of the Philippines to cultivate the resources and be part of Spanish culture. In the end, Portugal ended up being over-extended, outnumbered and taken over. Some Portuguese even sought to escape government control and settled into local culture. The Spanish established more traditional colonial rule with a cultural component that lasted until the 19 th century, therefore were more successful.

6. British and Dutch East India Companies 1600 The Dutch and British each received charters from their governments granting them trading monopolies, power to make war, and govern conquered people. The Dutch focused on Indonesia and the British on India. The Dutch employed a Portuguese-style, violent take-over approach to the Spice Islands. In the Banda Islands they killed 15,00 people replacing them with Dutch planters and created a slave labor force. Although The British had a powerful navy they formed contracts and negotiations with the Mughal’s to establish three major settlements in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The British were expelled from the Dutch monopoly in the Spice Islands, so they had to fall back on India. They were less financed and no match for the Mughal land power and sophisticated financial structure. Therefore, they could not take the same militaristic approach to their trading monopolies.

7. Each company looked to take advantage of Asian goods and resources. The Dutch were able to monopolize nutmeg, mace and cloves. They also briefly took over Taiwan hoping to produce sugar, rice and deerskin for export. While pepper and other spices were important The British they focused mainly on cotton textiles. A large portion of interior India became specialized producers for British markets. Both companies became heavily involved in trade and carrying bulk goods in Asia rather than just luxury goods. The Dutch lost Taiwan and other fringe areas, but they both became more conventional in their colonial domination of India and Indonesia by the mid 1700’s.

8. Asians retained control of their markets There was no real military threat form the small scale incursions of Europeans—compared to the large and established empires of the Mughal, Russian, China and Japan. The Asian merchants were experienced, numerous and strong, women were included in the market exchange, some Europeans expelled (Tokagawa Shogunate) Commercial networks well financed and sophisticated. EX: Virgil Vora in India that allowed Mughal control over British trade.

9. Review Silver trade! Review your responses AND Review Map and crash course video #25