2. A Seminar Report On PRESENTED BY- GUIDED BY-

3. INTRODUCTION The Availability of more & more powerful and less expensive micro-electronic devices for the vehicle as in many other fields, of application represents of the strongest innovative trustable to satisfy and harmonize the demands of the individual with those of the community in terms of performance, safety, protections of the environment & resources. Not only the technological developments in microelectronic & computer science fundamental elements in achieving these targets, but so also is the availability of sensors suited to control & perform system diagnostics.The development of new reliable & low-cost sensors planned for use in the automobile filed has been made necessary. The progress which take place both in technologies & materials has allowed the acquisition of new sensing by means of new transuding principles or others which are already well known and used in other fields. Automobile sensors can be classified into three basic areas: drive train & vehicle control, driver safety/comfort/information & emissions. They are used to monitor temperature,gases & voltages/currents,vacuum & torque to name a few..

4. Twenty years ago, the typical automobile had approximately five sensors. Today, over fifty sensors are used to control everything from braking to the fuel delivery system, But these more sensors vehicle are not launched in INDIA. Increasing awareness concerning emissions, safety & the technology age have all played a role in the advancement of sensing systems. However, some of the most advanced sensors have been developed to control the harmful emissions, such as carbon monoxide & nitrogen oxide, which are byproducts of combustion engine.

5. TYPES OF SENSORS 1. It is primary measurement device. 2.The O2 sensor is active any time. 3. The O2 sensor are used to get best fuel economy, lowest emission & good power. 4.It used to maintain a chemically balanced 14.7:1 Air/Fuel ratio.

6. 1.MAF is one of the components of an electronic fuel injection system. 2.The MAF sensor is usually installed inside the intake air duct between air filter and engine. 3.The MAF sensor is used to measure the amount of air entering the engine.

7. 1. CMP are used to detect engine speed and rotation position.  2.They allow vehicles engine control unit to determine when and how the fuel injection & ignition system.   3.It should operate to achieve maximum fuel economy and power,while minimizing emission

8. 1.The purpose of automatic braking is to shorten the braking (stopping) distance in critical driving situation. 2.Vehicle safety is another area were sensors use in expanding rapidly & ABS is one such system were they are a vital component. 3.ABS is utilized to stop a car from skidding when heavy braking is required or when road conditions are slick from rain,ice or gravel.

9. 1.The present invention relates in general to a retractor includes a cam disc retractably mounted on the shaft for a seat belt assembly. 2.Seat belt retractor to the emergency lower means of the locking ring for joint rotation there emergency locking type. 3.The ELR with when restrained from rotation in a direction of according to the invention responds to rapid extension.

10. 1.Humidity means Dampness. 2.It is dedicated to provide electronic process control instrument. 3.It use like digital temperature controller,digital timers,event counters,humidity indicator,ph indicator,sensors etc. 1.Ambient means Surrounding. 2.It is a sensing device in surrounding area.

11. Manifold means a numerous & varied.Therefore MAP is a various/numerous type pressure sensing device. It is sensing device back side of the vehicle.Any objects are available on back side then stop the vehicle & alarm starts. Bush means a thin metal sleeve or tubular lining serving as a bearing.It used for sensing the tightness of valve.

16. Conclusion Since emission standards are constantly changing,safety awareness is increasing and operator information is in high demand,there is little doubt that sensors will continue to evolve.Testing,evaluating and integrating them involves almost every engineering discipline due to their application & function with this information in mind,it appears that vehicle sensors system will present an ever-challenging area for engineer to study.