1. Biodemography of Exceptional Longevity Leonid A. Gavrilov, Ph.D. Natalia S. Gavrilova, Ph.D. Center on Aging NORC and The University of Chicago Chicago, USA

2. Source of Inspiration Fatal Years : Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America by Samuel H. Preston, Michael R. Haines Elo, I.T. and Preston, S.H., Effects of early-life condition on adult mortality: A review, Population Index, 58 (1992) 186- 222. Preston, S.H., Hill, M.E. and Drevenstedt, G.L., Childhood conditions that predict survival to advanced ages among African-Americans, Social Science & Medicine, 47 (1998) 1231- 1246.

3. Statement of the HIDL hypothesis: (Idea of High Initial Damage Load ) "Adult organisms already have an exceptionally high load of initial damage, which is comparable with the amount of subsequent aging-related deterioration, accumulated during the rest of the entire adult life." Source: Gavrilov, L.A. & Gavrilova, N.S. 1991. The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood Academic Publisher, New York.

4. Why should we expect high initial damage load in biological systems? General argument: -- biological systems are formed by self-assembly without helpful external quality control. Specific arguments: 1.Most cell divisions responsible for DNA copy-errors occur in early development leading to clonal expansion of mutations 2.Loss of telomeres is also particularly high in early-life 3.Cell cycle checkpoints are disabled in early development

5. Spontaneous mutant frequencies with age in heart and small intestine Source: Presentation of Jan Vijg at the IABG Congress, Cambridge, 2003

6. Practical implications from the HIDL hypothesis: "Even a small progress in optimizing the early-developmental processes can potentially result in a remarkable prevention of many diseases in later life, postponement of aging-related morbidity and mortality, and significant extension of healthy lifespan." Source: Gavrilov, L.A. & Gavrilova, N.S. 1991. The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood Academic Publisher, New York.

7. Life Expectancy and Month of Birth Data source: Social Security Death Master File Published in: Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A. Search for Predictors of Exceptional Human Longevity. In: “Living to 100 and Beyond” Monograph. The Society of Actuaries, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA, 2005, pp. 1-49.

8. Approach To study “success stories” in long-term avoidance of fatal diseases (survival to 100 years) and factors correlated with this remarkable survival success

9. Centenarians represent the fastest growing age group in the industrialized countries Yet, factors predicting exceptional longevity and its time trends remain to be fully understood In this study we explored the new opportunities provided by the ongoing revolution in information technology, computer science and Internet expansion to explore early-childhood predictors of exceptional longevity Jeanne Calment (1875-1997)

10. Revolution in Information Technology What does it mean for longevity studies? Millions of official census, birth, marriage, death and other records are available online now!

11. Predictors of Exceptional Longevity

12. Study 1 How centenarians are different from their shorter-lived sibling?

13. Within-Family Study of Exceptional Longevity Cases - 198 Centenarians born in U.S. in 1890-1893 Controls – Their own siblings Method: Conditional logistic regression Advantage: Allows researchers to eliminate confounding effects of between- family variation

14. Design of the Study

15. A typical image of ‘centenarian’ family in 1900 census

16. First-born siblings are more likely to become centenarians (odds = 1.8) Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=950, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value First-born status 1.771.18-2.660.006 Male sex0.400.28-0.58<0.001

17. Birth Order and Odds to Become a Centenarian

18. Can the birth-order effect be a result of selective child mortality, thus not applicable to adults? Approach: To compare centenarians with those siblings only who survived to adulthood (age 20)

19. First-born adult siblings (20+years) are more likely to become centenarians (odds = 1.95) Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=797, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value First-born status 1.951.26-3.010.003 Male sex0.460.32-0.66<0.001

20. Are young fathers responsible for birth order effect? Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=950, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value Born to young father 1.860.99-3.500.056 Male sex0.420.29-0.59<0.001

21. Birth order is more important than paternal age for chances to become a centenarian Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=950, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value First-born status 1.641.03-2.610.039 Born to young father 1.290.63-2.670.484 Male sex0.410.29-0.58<0.001

22. Are young mothers responsible for the birth order effect? Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=950, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value Born to young mother 2.031.33-3.110.001 Male sex0.410.29-0.59<0.001

23. Maternal Age at Person’s Birth and Odds to Become a Centenarian

24. Birth order effect explained: Being born to young mother! Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=950, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value First-born status 1.360.86-2.150.189 Born to young mother 1.761.09-2.850.021 Male sex0.410.29-0.58<0.001

25. Even at age 75 it still helps to be born to young mother (age <25) (odds = 1.9) Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=557, Prob > chi2=0.0000 VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value Born to young mother 1.861.15-3.050.012 Male sex0.460.31-0.69<0.001

26. Being born to Young Mother Helps Laboratory Mice to Live Longer Source: Tarin et al., Delayed Motherhood Decreases Life Expectancy of Mouse Offspring. Biology of Reproduction 2005 72: 1336-1343.

27. Possible explanation These findings are consistent with the 'best eggs are used first' hypothesis suggesting that earlier formed oocytes are of better quality, and go to fertilization cycles earlier in maternal life.

28. Study 2 How centenarians are different from their shorter-lived peers when compared at young adult age?

29. Physical Characteristics at Young Age and Survival to 100 A study of height and build of centenarians when they were young using WWI civil draft registration cards

30. Height – What to Expect 1. Height seems to be a good indicator of nutritional status and infectious disease history in the past. 2. Historical studies showed a negative correlation between height and mortality. 3. Hence we may expect that centenarians were taller than average

31. Build – What to Expect 1. Slender build may suggest a poor nutrition during childhood. We may expect that centenarians were less likely to be slender when young. 2. On the other hand, biological studies suggest that rapid growth may be harmful and somewhat delayed maturation may be beneficial for longevity.

32. Small Dogs Live Longer Miller RA. Kleemeier Award Lecture: Are there genes for aging? J Gerontol Biol Sci 54A:B297–B307, 1999.

33. Small Mice Live Longer Source: Miller et al., 2000. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 55:B455-B461

34. Design of the Study

35. Data Sources 1. Social Security Administration Death Master File 2. WWI civil draft registration cards (completed for almost 100 percent men born between 1873 and 1900)

36. WWI Civilian Draft Registration In 1917 and 1918, approximately 24 million men born between 1873 and 1900 completed draft registration cards. President Wilson proposed the American draft and characterized it as necessary to make "shirkers" play their part in the war. This argument won over key swing votes in Congress.

37. WWI Draft Registration Registration was done in three parts, each designed to form a pool of men for three different military draft lotteries. During each registration, church bells, horns, or other noise makers sounded to signal the 7:00 or 7:30 opening of registration, while businesses, schools, and saloons closed to accommodate the event.

38. Registration Day Parade

40. Information Available in the Draft Registration Card age, date of birth, race, citizenship permanent home address occupation, employer's name height (3 categories), build (3 categories), eye color, hair color, disability

41. Draft Registration Card: An Example

42. Study Design Cases: men centenarians born in 1887 (randomly selected from the SSA Death Master File) and linked to the WWI civil draft records. Out of 240 selected men, 15 were not eligible for draft. The linkage success for remaining records was 77.5% (174 records) Controls: men matched on birth year, race and county of WWI civil draft registration

43. SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS (%) CentenariansControls Foreign born20.522.2 Married68.463.7 Had children52.642.1 Farmers31.623.4 African Am.5.3

44. Height and Survival to 100

45. Body Build and Survival to 100

46. Multivariate Analysis Conditional multiple logistic regression model for matched case-control studies to investigate the relationship between an outcome of being a case (extreme longevity) and a set of prognostic factors (height, build, occupation, marital status, number of children, immigration status) Statistical package Stata-10, command clogit

47. Results of multivariate study VariableOdds Ratio P-value Medium height vs short and tall height 1.350.260 Slender and medium build vs stout build 2.63*0.025 Farming2.20*0.016 Married vs unmarried0.680.268 Native born vs foreign b. 1.130.682

48. Results of multivariate study Significant predictors only VariableOdds Ratio P-value ‘Slender’ body build reference: stout build 2.540.040 ‘Medium’ body build reference: stout build 2.640.017 Farming1.990.025

49. Other physical characteristics VariableOdds Ratio P-value Blue eye color1.620.069 ‘Short’ body height reference: tall height 1.020.967 ‘Medium’ body height reference: tall height 1.430.212 Other variables include body build and farming

50. Having children by age 30 and survival to age 100 Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=171. Reference level: no children VariableOdds ratio95% CIP-value 1-3 children1.620.89-2.950.127 4+ children2.710.99-7.390.051

51. Conclusion The study of height and build among men born in 1887 suggests that rapid growth and overweight at young adult age (30 years) might be harmful for attaining longevity

52. Conclusion The study of height and body build among men born in 1887 suggests that obesity at young adult age (30 years) has strong long-lasting effect in preventing longevity

53. Other Conclusions Both farming and having large number of children (4+) at age 30 significantly increased the chances of exceptional longevity by 100-200%. The effects of immigration status, marital status, and body height on longevity were less important, and they were statistically insignificant in the studied data set.

54. The Ongoing Project Data for 7,969 female centenarians and 2,531 male centenarians born in 1890-1895 with known genealogies were identified for further validation. Currently the project is in its data collection stage: 10,350 parents, 10,042 spouses, 14,741 maternal grandparents, 16,562 paternal grandparents, 51,216 siblings, 44,525 siblings in law, over 100,000 first cousins were already identified. These centenarians will be compared to their peers born in the same birth year window and died at age 64 years.

55. Acknowledgments This study was made possible thanks to: generous support from the National Institute on Aging and the Society of Actuaries

56. For More Information and Updates Please Visit Our Scientific and Educational Website on Human Longevity: http://longevity-science.org And Please Post Your Comments at our Scientific Discussion Blog: http://longevity-science.blogspot.com/

57. Multivariate Analysis: Conditional logistic regression For 1:1 matched study, the conditional likelihood is given by: Where x i1 and x i0 are vectors representing the prognostic factors for the case and control, respectively, of the ith matched set.

58. Final Conclusion The shortest conclusion was suggested in the title of the New York Times article about this study