1. Five Primary Categories of Human Rights:
Civil Rights
Political Rights
Economic Rights
Social Rights
Cultural Rights

2. DEFINITION
HUMAN RIGHTS are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings.
HUMAN RIGHTS are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person and are defined internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies.

3. DEFINITION
HUMAN RIGHTS is defined as the supreme, inherent, and inalienable rights to life, to dignity, and to self-development. It is concerned with issues in both areas of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights founded on internationally accepted human rights obligations

4. What are the Human Rights Principles?
The rights that someone has simply because he or she is a human being & born into this world.
Core Principles:
Human Dignity
Equality
Non-discrimination
Universality
Interdependency
Indivisibility
Inalienability
Responsibilities

5. HUMAN RIGHTS
RIGHTS – moral power to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest and leisure), to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for public office, education), to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile) or to exact something (equal protection of the law, equal access to public service, equal pay for equal work)
HUMAN RIGHTS coined by Eleanor Roosevelt to replace Rights of Man
NATURE – Human rights are more than legal concepts: they are the essence of man. They are what make man human. That is why they are called human rights; deny them and you deny man’s humanity (Jose Diokno)

6. Characteristics of Human Rights
Universal
Internationally guaranteed
Legally protected
Protects individuals and groups
Cannot be taken away
Equal and indivisible
Obliges States and State actors

7. Philosophical Visions:
Human Nature - A search for Common secular inquiry and human reason
400 B.C.E. est. - Mo Zi founded Mohist School of Moral Philosophy in China
Importance of duty, self-sacrifice, and an all-embracing respect for others – “universally throughout the world”
300 B.C.E. est. – Chinese sage Mencious
Wrote on the “human nature” – “humans are fundamentally good, but goodness needs to be nurtured”
300 B.C.E. est. – Hsun-tzu
Asserted “to relieve anxiety and eradicate strife, nothing is a effective as the institution of corporate life based on a clear recognition of individual rights”

8. Philosophical Visions:
Human Nature
1750 B.C.E. – King Hammurabi in Babylon
Necessary to honor broad codes of justice among people. Created one of the earliest legal codes to govern behavior – “let the oppressed man come under my statue” to seek equal justice in law
Ancient Egypt
Explicit social justice – “comfort the afflicted…refrain from unjust punishment. Kill not…make no distinction between the son of a man of importance and one of humble origin”
Early Sanskrit writings in Indian
Responsibility of rulers for the welfare of people. “Noone should be allowed to suffer… either because of poverty or of any deliberate actions on the part of others”

9. Philosophical Visions:
Human Nature with Spiritual/Religious Traditions
300 B.C.E. – Ashoka of India
Freedom of worship and other rights of his subjects. Other leaders from this area impartial justice and social equality and no castes should exist since all are from one tree
16th century - Hindu philosopher Chaitanya
“There is only one caste – humanity”
Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh
Proclaimed “recognize all the human race as one”
10th Century - Al-Farabi, an Islamic Philosopher
Wrote The Outlook of the People of the City of Virtue, a vision of moral society in which all individual were endowed with rights and lived in love and charity with their neighbors.

10. Philosophical Visions:
Natural Law – focused on universal responsibilities and duties rather than what are now described as rights
Greek Philosophers
Equal respect for all citizens (insotimia). Equality before the law (isonomia). Equality in political power (isokratia) and Suffrage (isopsephia).
Marcus Tillius Cicero
“Universal justice and law guided human nature to act justly and be of service to others” – This natural law “binds all human society” together, applies to every member of “the whole human race” without distinction and unique dignity of each person.
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”

11. Precursors to 20th Century Human Rights Documents
1750 B.C.E.
Code of Hammurabi, Babylonia
B.C.E.
Old Testament
B.C.E.
Analects of Confucius
C.E.
New Testament
C.E.
Koran
1215
Magna Carta, England
1400
Code of Nezahualcoyotl, Aztec
1648
Treaty of Westphalia, Europe
1689
English Bill of Rights, England
1776
Declaration of Independence, United States
1787
United States Constitution
1789
French Declaration on the Rights of Man and the Citizen, France United States Bill of Rights

12. 19th and 20th Century Human Rights based on Natural Rights
1863: Emancipation Proclamation, United States
1864 & 1949: Geneva Conventions, International Red Cross
1919: League of Nations Covenant, International Labor Organization (ILO) Created
1920: Women gain the right to vote in the U.S.
1926: Slavery Convention
1945: United Nations Charter, San Francisco
1947: Mohandas Gandhi uses non-violent protests leading India to independence.

13. Legal basis - UN Charter
Sets the promotion of and respect for human rights for all as one of the aims of the UN
Establishes legal obligations for Member States to take action to achieve respect for human rights

14. Legal basis Human rights Treaties Conventions, Covenants Declarations
Contain detailed lists and definitions of human rights and obligations of the State

15. Five categories of Human Rights
Civil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else in society
Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and to obtain information
Economic – the right to participate in an economy that benefits all; and to desirable work
Social – the right to education, health care, food, clothing, shelter and social security
Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to speak the language, and to practice the culture of one’s choice

16. SOME CIVIL RIGHTS Life Belief in own religion Opinion Free speech
Non-discrimination according to sex
Marry
Race
Cultural background

17. SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS Vote in elections
Freely form or join political parties
Live in an independent country
Stand for public office
Freely disagree with views and policies of political leaders

18. SOME ECONOMIC RIGHTS Jobs Work without exploitation Fair wage
Safe working conditions
Form trade unions
Have adequate food
Protection against labor malpractices

19. SOME SOCIAL RIGHTS Housing Education Health services
Recreation facilities
Clean environment
Social security

20. SOME CULTURAL RIGHTS Use own language Develop cultural activities
Ancestral domains
Develop own kind of schooling