A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition
Chapter 15 Supporting Network Hardware Chapter 15 Supporting Network Hardware

Objectives Describe network types and the Internet connections they use Identify, compare, and contrast hardware used to build local networks Set up and troubleshoot the wiring in a small network Objectives Describe network types and the Internet connections they use Identify, compare, and contrast hardware used to build local networks Set up and troubleshoot the wiring in a small network A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Network Types and the Internet Connections They Use
Networks can be categorized by technology used and size of the network Personal Area Network (PAN): consists of personal devices such as a cell phone and laptop Local Area Network (LAN): covers a small local area such as a home, office, or other building Wireless LAN: covers a limited geographic area and is popular in places where cables are difficult to install Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): covers a large campus or city Wide Area Network (WAN): covers a large geographic area and is made up of small networks Network Types and the Internet Connections They Use Networks can be categorized by technology used and size of the network Personal Area Network (PAN): consists of personal devices such as a cell phone and laptop Local Area Network (LAN): covers a small local area such as a home, office, or other building Wireless LAN: covers a limited geographic area and is popular in places where cables are difficult to install Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): covers a large campus or city Wide Area Network (WAN): covers a large geographic area and is made up of small networks A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections
Internet Service Provider (ISP): used to connect to the Internet Most common type of connections are DSL and cable Internet (cable modem) Bandwidth: measure of the maximum data transmission rate Data throughput: actual network transmission speed Latency: delays in network transmissions Measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Internet Service Provider (ISP): used to connect to the Internet Most common type of connections are DSL and cable Internet (cable modem) Bandwidth: measure of the maximum data transmission rate Data throughput: actual network transmission speed Latency: delays in network transmissions Measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Cable Internet (cable modem) Uses existing TV cable lines Always connected (always up) TV signals and PC data signals share same coax cable Cable modem converts PC’s digital signals to analog And converts incoming analog data to digital Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Cable Internet (cable modem) Uses existing TV cable lines Always connected (always up) TV signals and PC data signals share same coax cable Cable modem converts PC’s digital signals to analog And converts incoming analog data to digital A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Group of broadband technologies Wide range of speeds Uses ordinary copper phone lines and unused voice frequencies Always connected Some DSL services offer connect on demand Can use the same phone line for voice and DSL at the same time Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Group of broadband technologies Wide range of speeds Uses ordinary copper phone lines and unused voice frequencies Always connected Some DSL services offer connect on demand Can use the same phone line for voice and DSL at the same time A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Cable Internet vs. DSL Both can sometimes be purchased on a sliding scale Cable modem shares TV cable infrastructure with neighbors Service may become degraded DSL uses dedicated phone line Must filter phone line static Similar setup for both Installation completed by provider or user Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Cable Internet vs. DSL Both can sometimes be purchased on a sliding scale Cable modem shares TV cable infrastructure with neighbors Service may become degraded DSL uses dedicated phone line Must filter phone line static Similar setup for both Installation completed by provider or user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Satellite provides high-speed Internet connections in remote areas Available everywhere (even airplanes) Disadvantages: requires line-of-site connectivity and latency occurs when uploading Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Satellite provides high-speed Internet connections in remote areas Available everywhere (even airplanes) Disadvantages: requires line-of-site connectivity and latency occurs when uploading Figure Communication by satellite can include television and Internet access A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Fiber optic - dedicated point-to-point (PTP) No line sharing Broadband fiber-optic cable Television, Internet data, voice communication Verizon technology: Fiber Optic Service (FiOS) Upstream and downstream speeds and prices vary Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Fiber optic - dedicated point-to-point (PTP) No line sharing Broadband fiber-optic cable Television, Internet data, voice communication Verizon technology: Fiber Optic Service (FiOS) Upstream and downstream speeds and prices vary A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Cellular WAN covers a wide area Made up of cells created by base stations Base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower To support multiple technologies (LTE and GSM) Laptop or tablet might have embedded cellular adapter If not, use a USB broadband modem to make connection Some mobile devices can create a mobile hotspot Other mobile devices can connect by Wi-Fi Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Cellular WAN covers a wide area Made up of cells created by base stations Base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower To support multiple technologies (LTE and GSM) Laptop or tablet might have embedded cellular adapter If not, use a USB broadband modem to make connection Some mobile devices can create a mobile hotspot Other mobile devices can connect by Wi-Fi A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Cellular WAN covers a wide area Made up of cells created by base stations Base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower To support multiple technologies (LTE and GSM) Laptop or tablet might have embedded cellular adapter If not, use a USB broadband modem to make connection Some mobile devices can create a mobile hotspot Other mobile devices can connect by Wi-Fi Figure 15-5 A cellular WAN is made up of many cells that provide coverage over a wide area A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Hardware Used By Local Networks
In this section you will learn about: Desktop and laptop devices Hubs Switches Bridges Other network devices Cables and connectors these devices use Hardware Used By Local Networks In this section you will learn about: Desktop and laptop devices Hubs Switches Bridges Other network devices Cables and connectors these devices use A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Dial-Up Modems POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or Dial-up
Least expensive, slowest Internet connection Uses: travel, broadband down, saving money Desktop computers modem cards provide two phone jacks (RJ-11 jacks) Twisted-pair cabling is used Pairs of wires are twisted together to reduce crosstalk Last modem standard: V.92 Dial-Up Modems POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or Dial-up Least expensive, slowest Internet connection Uses: travel, broadband down, saving money Desktop computers modem cards provide two phone jacks (RJ-11 jacks) Twisted-pair cabling is used Pairs of wires are twisted together to reduce crosstalk Last modem standard: V.92 A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Switches and Hubs Most wired networks use a star bus topology: nodes connected to a centralized hub or switch Hub: pass-through device (outdated technology) No regard for data or frame’s destination Switch: keeps a table of all devices connected to it When a frame is received, switch searches its MAC address table for the destination MAC address and sends frame only to the device with that address If destination MAC address is not in table, switch sends frame out all ports (except receiving port) Switches and Hubs Most wired networks use a star bus topology: nodes connected to a centralized hub or switch Hub: pass-through device (outdated technology) No regard for data or frame’s destination Switch: keeps a table of all devices connected to it When a frame is received, switch searches its MAC address table for the destination MAC address and sends frame only to the device with that address If destination MAC address is not in table, switch sends frame out all ports (except receiving port) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Switches and Hubs A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition
Figure A star bus network formed by nodes connected to multiple switches A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Switches and Hubs A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition
Figure (a) A hub is a simple pass-through device to connect nodes on a network, and (b) a switch sends a frame to the destination node based on its MAC address A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Wireless Access Points and Bridges
Allows wireless device connection to LAN Devices communicate through access point May double as a router Can also be a bridge A bridge is a device that stands between two segments of a network and manages network traffic between them Keeps a table of MAC addresses just like a switch Wireless Access Points and Bridges Allows wireless device connection to LAN Devices communicate through access point May double as a router Can also be a bridge A bridge is a device that stands between two segments of a network and manages network traffic between them Keeps a table of MAC addresses just like a switch A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Wireless Access Points and Bridges
Allows wireless device connection to LAN Devices communicate through access point May double as a router Can also be a bridge A bridge is a device that stands between two segments of a network and manages network traffic between them Keeps a table of MAC addresses just like a switch Figure A bridge is an intelligent device making decisions concerning network traffic A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Ethernet Cables and Connectors
Types of Ethernet cabling: Twisted-pair – most popular cabling for local networks Unshielded (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) UTP cable is least expensive and most common Rated by category: CAT3 through CAT7 Consists of four pairs of twisted wires (8 wires total) STP cable uses a covering or shield around each pair of wires Protects it from EMI Costs more than UTP Ethernet Cables and Connectors Types of Ethernet cabling: Twisted-pair – most popular cabling for local networks Unshielded (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) UTP cable is least expensive and most common Rated by category: CAT3 through CAT7 Consists of four pairs of twisted wires (8 wires total) STP cable uses a covering or shield around each pair of wires Protects it from EMI Costs more than UTP A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Types of Ethernet cabling (cont’d): Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield No longer used for networking RG-6 is used for cable TV and uses an F connector Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing Transmit signals as pulses of light Two types: single-mode and multimode Four types of connectors: ST (straight tip), SC (subscriber connector), LC (local connector), and MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack) Ethernet Cables and Connectors Types of Ethernet cabling (cont’d): Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield No longer used for networking RG-6 is used for cable TV and uses an F connector Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing Transmit signals as pulses of light Two types: single-mode and multimode Four types of connectors: ST (straight tip), SC (subscriber connector), LC (local connector), and MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Table 15-2 Variations of Ethernet and Ethernet cabling A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure Unshielded twisted-pair cables and RJ-45 connector used for local wired networks A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure Coaxial cable and a BNC connector are used with ThinNet Ethernet Ethernet Cables and Connectors Figure Fiber-optic cables contain a glass or plastic core for transmitting light A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure Four types of fiber-optic connectors: (a) ST, (b) SC, (c) LC, and (d) MT-RJ A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Ethernet Standards (categorized by speed): 10-Mbps Ethernet – invented by Xerox in 1970s 100-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Fast Ethernet or 100BaseT) Uses STP or UTP cabling rated CAT-5 or higher 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable 1000-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Gigabit Ethernet) Becoming most popular choice for LAN technology Uses same cabling and connectors as Fast Ethernet 10-Gigabit Ethernet Uses fiber-optic cable Ethernet Cables and Connectors Ethernet Standards (categorized by speed): 10-Mbps Ethernet – invented by Xerox in 1970s 100-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Fast Ethernet or 100BaseT) Uses STP or UTP cabling rated CAT-5 or higher 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable 1000-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Gigabit Ethernet) Becoming most popular choice for LAN technology Uses same cabling and connectors as Fast Ethernet 10-Gigabit Ethernet Uses fiber-optic cable A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP)
Powerline networking (or EoP) uses the power lines in a building to transmit data Simple to setup, inexpensive, and can run at Gigabit speeds If a building is sharing a phase (electrical signal) with another building Data might leak and be intercepted by a neighbor Powerline adapters offer encryption (128-bit AES) that is activated by pairing the adapters to each other To use powerline networking, you need at least two powerline adapters Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) Powerline networking (or EoP) uses the power lines in a building to transmit data Simple to setup, inexpensive, and can run at Gigabit speeds If a building is sharing a phase (electrical signal) with another building Data might leak and be intercepted by a neighbor Powerline adapters offer encryption (128-bit AES) that is activated by pairing the adapters to each other To use powerline networking, you need at least two powerline adapters A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Powerline networking issues: Powerline adapters must be plugged directly into a wall outlet Powerline adapters might be large and cover both outlets on a single wall plate Sometimes people forget to use the encryption options End up with an unsecured network Distance degrades quality Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) Powerline networking issues: Powerline adapters must be plugged directly into a wall outlet Powerline adapters might be large and cover both outlets on a single wall plate Sometimes people forget to use the encryption options End up with an unsecured network Distance degrades quality A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

When shopping for powerline adapters, consider: Make sure adapter is Homeplug certified Make sure adapter is rated for the latest Homeplug AV2 speed standard for Gigabit-class data transfers If you have limited wall outlets, you might need a powerline adapter that offers a pass-through outlet Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) When shopping for powerline adapters, consider: Make sure adapter is Homeplug certified Make sure adapter is rated for the latest Homeplug AV2 speed standard for Gigabit-class data transfers If you have limited wall outlets, you might need a powerline adapter that offers a pass-through outlet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Power over Ethernet (PoE) – a feature offered on some high-end network adapters to allow power to be transmitted over Ethernet cable Used to place a device in a position in a building where you don’t have a electrical outlet If your NIC doesn’t offer PoE, you can add it using a PoE injector When setting up a device to receive power by PoE: Make sure device sending the power, the splitter , and the device receiving the power are all compatible Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Power over Ethernet (PoE) – a feature offered on some high-end network adapters to allow power to be transmitted over Ethernet cable Used to place a device in a position in a building where you don’t have a electrical outlet If your NIC doesn’t offer PoE, you can add it using a PoE injector When setting up a device to receive power by PoE: Make sure device sending the power, the splitter , and the device receiving the power are all compatible A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring
To set up a small network, you will need: Computers, switches, network cables, a router, and a device that provides Internet access (cable modem) Regarding cabling, be sure: Cables are out of the way and not a trip hazard Cables don’t exceed the recommended length (100 meters for twisted pair) Use cables rated at CAT-5e or higher Uses switches rated at the same speed as your router and network adapters Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring To set up a small network, you will need: Computers, switches, network cables, a router, and a device that provides Internet access (cable modem) Regarding cabling, be sure: Cables are out of the way and not a trip hazard Cables don’t exceed the recommended length (100 meters for twisted pair) Use cables rated at CAT-5e or higher Uses switches rated at the same speed as your router and network adapters A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring
Place wireless access point/router near the center of the area where you want your wireless hotspot Router needs to have access to cable or DSL modem Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring Place wireless access point/router near the center of the area where you want your wireless hotspot Router needs to have access to cable or DSL modem Figure Plan the physical configuration of a small network A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Tools Used By Network Technicians
Loopback plug: used to test a network cable or port Also used to find out which port on a switch matches up with a wall jack Tools Used By Network Technicians Loopback plug: used to test a network cable or port Also used to find out which port on a switch matches up with a wall jack Figure A loopback plug verifies the cable and network port are good A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Cable tester: used to test a cable Can also find out what type of cable it is if it is not labeled and to locate the ends of a network cable in a building Has two components: remote and the base Tools Used By Network Technicians Cable tester: used to test a cable Can also find out what type of cable it is if it is not labeled and to locate the ends of a network cable in a building Has two components: remote and the base Figure Use a cable tester pair to determine the type of cable and/or if the cable is good A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Network multimeter: can test cables, ports, and network adapters Can detect Ethernet speed, duplex status, default router on a network, length of a cable, voltage levels of PoE, and other network statistics Many can document test results and upload results to a PC Tools Used By Network Technicians Network multimeter: can test cables, ports, and network adapters Can detect Ethernet speed, duplex status, default router on a network, length of a cable, voltage levels of PoE, and other network statistics Many can document test results and upload results to a PC A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Wi-Fi analyzer: software that can: Find Wi-Fi networks Determine signal strengths Help optimize Wi-Fi signal settings Help identify Wi-Fi security threats A smart phone can be turned into a Wi-Fi analyzer by installing a free or inexpensive app Tools Used By Network Technicians Wi-Fi analyzer: software that can: Find Wi-Fi networks Determine signal strengths Help optimize Wi-Fi signal settings Help identify Wi-Fi security threats A smart phone can be turned into a Wi-Fi analyzer by installing a free or inexpensive app A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Toner probe: two-part kit used to find cables in walls Toner connects to one end of cable and puts out a continuous tone while a probe is used to search the walls for the tone Tools Used By Network Technicians Toner probe: two-part kit used to find cables in walls Toner connects to one end of cable and puts out a continuous tone while a probe is used to search the walls for the tone Figure A toner probe kit by Fluke Corporation A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Wire stripper: used to build your own network cable Cuts away the plastic jacket or coating around wires Crimper: used to attach a terminator or connector to the end of a cable Can serve double-duty as a wire cutter and stripper Tools Used By Network Technicians Wire stripper: used to build your own network cable Cuts away the plastic jacket or coating around wires Crimper: used to attach a terminator or connector to the end of a cable Can serve double-duty as a wire cutter and stripper A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure This crimper can crimp RJ-45 and RJ-11 connections A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Punchdown tool: also called an impact tool Used to punch individual wires into slots in a keystone RJ-45 jack that is used in an RJ-45 wall jack Tools Used By Network Technicians Punchdown tool: also called an impact tool Used to punch individual wires into slots in a keystone RJ-45 jack that is used in an RJ-45 wall jack Figure A punchdown tool forces a wire into a slot and cuts off the wire A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Patch panel: provides multiple network ports for cables that converge in one location Each port is numbered on the front of the panel Keystone jacks are color-coded for the wires to be inserted on the back of the panel Punchdown tool is used to terminate Tools Used By Network Technicians Patch panel: provides multiple network ports for cables that converge in one location Each port is numbered on the front of the panel Keystone jacks are color-coded for the wires to be inserted on the back of the panel Punchdown tool is used to terminate A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure A patch panel provides Ethernet ports for cables converging in an electrical closet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired
Straight-through cable: used to connect a computer to a switch or other network device Also called a patch cable Crossover cable: used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a PC to a PC Transmit and receive lines are reversed RJ-45 connector has eight pins 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet use only four pins Gigabit Ethernet uses all eight pins How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired Straight-through cable: used to connect a computer to a switch or other network device Also called a patch cable Crossover cable: used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a PC to a PC Transmit and receive lines are reversed RJ-45 connector has eight pins 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet use only four pins Gigabit Ethernet uses all eight pins A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Twisted pair cabling is color-coded in four pairs Solid wire and a striped wire are in a pair Two standards for wiring: T568A and T568B How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired Twisted pair cabling is color-coded in four pairs Solid wire and a striped wire are in a pair Two standards for wiring: T568A and T568B Figure Pinouts for an RJ-45 connector A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Table 15-4 The T568A and T568B Ethernet standards for wiring RJ-45 connectors A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

When working with existing wiring be sure to find out if wiring is using T568A or T568B If not sure, use T568B because it is most common How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired When working with existing wiring be sure to find out if wiring is using T568A or T568B If not sure, use T568B because it is most common Figure Two crossed pairs in a crossover cable is compatible with 10BaseT or 100BaseT Ethernet; four crossed pairs in a crossover cable is compatible with Gigabit Ethernet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Figure Flowchart to troubleshoot networking problems related to hardware A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting
Ping [-a] [-t] [TargetName] Tests connectivity by sending an echo request to a remote computer TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Ping [-a] [-t] [TargetName] Tests connectivity by sending an echo request to a remote computer Table Examples of the ping command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Ipconfig [/all] [/release] [/renew] [/displaydns] [/flushdns] Can display TCP/IP configuration TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Ipconfig [/all] [/release] [/renew] [/displaydns] [/flushdns] Can display TCP/IP configuration Table 15-6 Examples of ipconfig command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Ifconfig [/a] [/interface] [/up] [/down] Similar to ipconfig and is used on Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Ifconfig [/a] [/interface] [/up] [/down] Similar to ipconfig and is used on Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems Table 15-7 Examples of ifconfig command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Nslookup [ComputerName] Lets you read information from the Internet name space by requesting information about domain name resolutions from the DNS server’s zone data A reverse lookup is when you use the nslookup command to find the host name when you know the IP address TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Nslookup [ComputerName] Lets you read information from the Internet name space by requesting information about domain name resolutions from the DNS server’s zone data A reverse lookup is when you use the nslookup command to find the host name when you know the IP address A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Tracert [TargetName] Sends a series of requests to the destination computer and displays each hop to the destination A hop happens when a packet moves from one router to another A packet is assigned a Time To Live (TTL), which is the number of hop counts it can make before a router drops the packet and sends an ICMP message back to the host that sent packet TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Tracert [TargetName] Sends a series of requests to the destination computer and displays each hop to the destination A hop happens when a packet moves from one router to another A packet is assigned a Time To Live (TTL), which is the number of hop counts it can make before a router drops the packet and sends an ICMP message back to the host that sent packet A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

The Net Commands Net command is several commands in one Most require an elevated command prompt window Net use command Connects or disconnects a computer from a shared resource Net user command Manages user accounts TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting The Net Commands Net command is several commands in one Most require an elevated command prompt window Net use command Connects or disconnects a computer from a shared resource Net user command Manages user accounts A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Nbtstat [-n] [-r] [-RR] Used to display statistics about the NetBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) protocol NetBIOS is an older network protocol suite used before TCP/IP TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Nbtstat [-n] [-r] [-RR] Used to display statistics about the NetBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) protocol NetBIOS is an older network protocol suite used before TCP/IP Table 15-8 Nbtstat commands A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Netstat [-a] [-b] [-o] Gives statistics about TCP/IP and network activity TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Netstat [-a] [-b] [-o] Gives statistics about TCP/IP and network activity Table 15-9 Netstat commands A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Netdom [add] [move] [resetpwd] [verify] Allows administrators to manage Active Directory domains and trust relationships for Windows Server TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting Netdom [add] [move] [resetpwd] [verify] Allows administrators to manage Active Directory domains and trust relationships for Windows Server Table Netdom commands A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Strategies For Troubleshooting Network Connections
Check for local connectivity Use Windows Explorer to try to access shared folders on the network Determine whether other computers on network are having trouble with their connections If some resources can be accessed, but not all: Might be caused by cables or a switch on the network Test for Internet access by opening a browser Use ipconfig command to check IP addressing Computer assigns itself an address starting with if it was unable to lease an IP address Strategies For Troubleshooting Network Connections Check for local connectivity Use Windows Explorer to try to access shared folders on the network Determine whether other computers on network are having trouble with their connections If some resources can be accessed, but not all: Might be caused by cables or a switch on the network Test for Internet access by opening a browser Use ipconfig command to check IP addressing Computer assigns itself an address starting with if it was unable to lease an IP address A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Problems With No Connectivity or Intermittent Connectivity
Begin by checking hardware and then move on to checking Windows network settings Check status indicator lights on the NIC or Ethernet port Steady light indicates connectivity and blinking light indicates activity Check the network cable connection at both ends For wireless networking, make sure wireless switch on a laptop is turned on May need to move laptop to a new position in the hotspot Problems With No Connectivity or Intermittent Connectivity Begin by checking hardware and then move on to checking Windows network settings Check status indicator lights on the NIC or Ethernet port Steady light indicates connectivity and blinking light indicates activity Check the network cable connection at both ends For wireless networking, make sure wireless switch on a laptop is turned on May need to move laptop to a new position in the hotspot A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

After checking hardware, try one of the following Windows methods: In an elevated command prompt, use ipconfig /release followed by ipconfig /renew In the Network and Sharing Center, click Troubleshoot problems to access a Windows network connectivity diagnostic tool Go to Network and Sharing Center, click Change adapter settings, right-click the connection, and click Disable (then right-click connection and click Enable) Problems With No Connectivity or Intermittent Connectivity After checking hardware, try one of the following Windows methods: In an elevated command prompt, use ipconfig /release followed by ipconfig /renew In the Network and Sharing Center, click Troubleshoot problems to access a Windows network connectivity diagnostic tool Go to Network and Sharing Center, click Change adapter settings, right-click the connection, and click Disable (then right-click connection and click Enable) A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

If problem is still not resolved, check NIC drivers: Check for adapter in Device Manager If errors are reported with adapter in Device Manager, try updating drivers If errors still occur, check the manufacturer web site for diagnostic software Try running antivirus software and updating Windows Try installing a ferrite clamp to eliminate EMI Problems With No Connectivity or Intermittent Connectivity If problem is still not resolved, check NIC drivers: Check for adapter in Device Manager If errors are reported with adapter in Device Manager, try updating drivers If errors still occur, check the manufacturer web site for diagnostic software Try running antivirus software and updating Windows Try installing a ferrite clamp to eliminate EMI A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Problems with Internet Connectivity
If you have local connectivity, but not Internet access: Try recycling the connection to the ISP Unplug power source to the cable modem or other device used to connect to ISP to restart Use Network and Sharing Center, on any computer, to repair the connection For a cable modem, make sure your TV works To eliminate router, connect one computer directly to the broadband modem If you can access the Internet, you have proven router is the problem Problems with Internet Connectivity If you have local connectivity, but not Internet access: Try recycling the connection to the ISP Unplug power source to the cable modem or other device used to connect to ISP to restart Use Network and Sharing Center, on any computer, to repair the connection For a cable modem, make sure your TV works To eliminate router, connect one computer directly to the broadband modem If you can access the Internet, you have proven router is the problem A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

No Internet connectivity: (cont’d) To eliminate DNS as the problem Substitute a domain name for an IP address in a ping command (If ping works, DNS works) Ping your DNS server If having problems reaching a particular website, try using the tracert command Example: tracert If one computer cannot access Internet but other can, make sure MAC address filtering is disabled Problems with Internet Connectivity No Internet connectivity: (cont’d) To eliminate DNS as the problem Substitute a domain name for an IP address in a ping command (If ping works, DNS works) Ping your DNS server If having problems reaching a particular website, try using the tracert command Example: tracert If one computer cannot access Internet but other can, make sure MAC address filtering is disabled A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

No Internet connectivity: (cont’d) Verify router firewall or Windows firewall settings Contact your ISP Problems with Internet Connectivity No Internet connectivity: (cont’d) Verify router firewall or Windows firewall settings Contact your ISP A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Use TCP/IP Utilities to Solve Connectivity Problems
Follow these steps to verify the local computer is communicating over the network: 1. Try to release the current IP address and lease a new address 2. Ping another computer on the network Ping a computer on the Internet using its host address 3. Enter ipconfig /all at a command prompt to verify IP information 4. Ping the loopback address ( ) 5. Use the netstat –b command to find out if the program to access the network is actually running Use TCP/IP Utilities to Solve Connectivity Problems Follow these steps to verify the local computer is communicating over the network: 1. Try to release the current IP address and lease a new address 2. Ping another computer on the network Ping a computer on the Internet using its host address 3. Enter ipconfig /all at a command prompt to verify IP information 4. Ping the loopback address ( ) 5. Use the netstat –b command to find out if the program to access the network is actually running A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

Use TCP/IP Utilities to Solve Connectivity Problems
Follow these steps to verify the local computer is communicating over the network: (cont’d) 6. Verify firewall settings are correct 7. Use the following command to verify that no computers have the same computer name: net view \\computername 8. Try using remote computer’s IP address: net view 9. If having problems getting a network drive map to work: net use z:\\computername\folder Use TCP/IP Utilities to Solve Connectivity Problems Follow these steps to verify the local computer is communicating over the network: (cont’d) 6. Verify firewall settings are correct 7. Use the following command to verify that no computers have the same computer name: net view \\computername 8. Try using remote computer’s IP address: net view 9. If having problems getting a network drive map to work: net use z:\\computername\folder A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

No Wireless Connectivity
Try the following: Make sure you are within range of the access point Click your wireless icon in the system tray Turn off; then turn back on again after a few seconds Use Network and Sharing Center to disable and then enable the wireless network adapter Reboot the computer Update the device driver for the wireless card Replace the wireless card No Wireless Connectivity Try the following: Make sure you are within range of the access point Click your wireless icon in the system tray Turn off; then turn back on again after a few seconds Use Network and Sharing Center to disable and then enable the wireless network adapter Reboot the computer Update the device driver for the wireless card Replace the wireless card A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Wi-Fi Network Not Found
Computers typically find the SSID of a Wi-Fi network and connect after entering the security key If SSID is not detected, SSID might be hidden If you know the SSID name and the security key: Open Network and Sharing Center Click Set up a new connection or network, select Manually connect to a wireless network, click Next Enter network name, choose security type, and enter security key, click Next Wireless network is set up and you should be connected, click Close Wi-Fi Network Not Found Computers typically find the SSID of a Wi-Fi network and connect after entering the security key If SSID is not detected, SSID might be hidden If you know the SSID name and the security key: Open Network and Sharing Center Click Set up a new connection or network, select Manually connect to a wireless network, click Next Enter network name, choose security type, and enter security key, click Next Wireless network is set up and you should be connected, click Close A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

No Bluetooth Connectivity
Having troubles with Bluetooth, try the following: Make sure Bluetooth is turned on Verify that Windows sees Bluetooth enabled Be sure you have downloaded all Windows updates Look in Device Manager to make sure the Bluetooth component is recognized with no errors Make sure the other device has Bluetooth turned on Try uninstalling and reinstalling the Bluetooth drivers that come bundled with laptop Uninstall and reinstall drivers for Bluetooth device No Bluetooth Connectivity Having troubles with Bluetooth, try the following: Make sure Bluetooth is turned on Verify that Windows sees Bluetooth enabled Be sure you have downloaded all Windows updates Look in Device Manager to make sure the Bluetooth component is recognized with no errors Make sure the other device has Bluetooth turned on Try uninstalling and reinstalling the Bluetooth drivers that come bundled with laptop Uninstall and reinstall drivers for Bluetooth device A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

GPS Not Functioning Global Positioning System (GPS) allows a laptop to be used as a navigation device with mapping software Advantage: larger screen with more detailed routing If GPS is not working: Try using a short USB extension cable that is usually included with the GPS receiver A clear view of the sky is necessary for the GPS receiver to lock signal with the satellite GPS Not Functioning Global Positioning System (GPS) allows a laptop to be used as a navigation device with mapping software Advantage: larger screen with more detailed routing If GPS is not working: Try using a short USB extension cable that is usually included with the GPS receiver A clear view of the sky is necessary for the GPS receiver to lock signal with the satellite A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Summary Networks are categorized in size as a PAN, LAN, Wireless LAN, MAN, or WAN Network performance is measured in bandwidth and latency Two most popular ways to connect to the Internet are cable Internet and DSL Networking hardware includes: network adapters, dial-up modems, hubs, switches, routers, wireless APs, bridges, cables, and connectors Most popular Ethernet cable is twisted pair using RJ-45 connectors Summary Networks are categorized in size as a PAN, LAN, Wireless LAN, MAN, or WAN Network performance is measured in bandwidth and latency Two most popular ways to connect to the Internet are cable Internet and DSL Networking hardware includes: network adapters, dial-up modems, hubs, switches, routers, wireless APs, bridges, cables, and connectors Most popular Ethernet cable is twisted pair using RJ-45 connectors A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Summary Switches and older hubs are used as a centralized connection point for devices Twisted pair cabling is rated by category: CAT-3, CAT-5, CAT-5e, CAT-6, CAT-6a, and CAT-7 Fiber-optic cables can use one of four connectors Powerline networking sends Ethernet transmissions over power lines of a building or house Networking tools include: loopback plug, cable tester, multimeter, tone probe, wire stripper, crimper, and punchdown tool RJ-45 connector has eight pins Summary Switches and older hubs are used as a centralized connection point for devices Twisted pair cabling is rated by category: CAT-3, CAT-5, CAT-5e, CAT-6, CAT-6a, and CAT-7 Fiber-optic cables can use one of four connectors Powerline networking sends Ethernet transmissions over power lines of a building or house Networking tools include: loopback plug, cable tester, multimeter, tone probe, wire stripper, crimper, and punchdown tool RJ-45 connector has eight pins A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

Summary Two standards used to wire network cables are T568A and T568B
Two types of network cables are straight through and crossover cables Useful Windows TCP/IP utilities are ping, ipconfig, nslookup, tracert, net use, nbtstat, netstat, and netdom When troubleshooting network problems, check hardware, device drivers, Windows, and client/server applications, in that order Summary Two standards used to wire network cables are T568A and T568B Two types of network cables are straight through and crossover cables Useful Windows TCP/IP utilities are ping, ipconfig, nslookup, tracert, net use, nbtstat, netstat, and netdom When troubleshooting network problems, check hardware, device drivers, Windows, and client/server applications, in that order A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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