2. Minerals

3. Mineral Facts There are about 3000 known minerals on earth. All rocks are made up of 2 or more of these minerals. Minerals are not rocks! Silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the crust and in minerals Oxygen is the most abundant element in minerals!

4. Gold

5. Turquoise

6. Quartz

7. Sulfur

8. Magnetite

9. Azurite

10. Diamond

11. A Diamond is hard!!!! Only Diamond can scratch diamond

12. How do you identify minerals? By properties/characteristics Properties stay the same. That’s why we use them.

13. Mineral Properties: Color InorganicNot made from living things or fossils NaturalNot man made SolidTightly packed, fixed molecules CrystalRepeating patterns ChemistryAtomic structure/chemical/internal structure determines the properties of a mineral LusterPearly, waxy, earthy, greasy dull StreakColor of powder

14. Identifying more Mineral Properties HardnessScratch test /Moh’s Scale of Hardness rub minerals against each other or a glass plate, finger nail, etc. Color-varies Streak (streak test -rub against unglazed tile, powder ) Luster (shiny, metallic, glassy, earthy, pearly, greasy) Density ( amount of matter in a given volume) Crystal shape (cubic, right angles, perfect cube) Cleavage( splits easily, smoothly along flat surfaces) Fracture(does not split evenly)

15. Scratch Test Examples 1Can be scratched easily with fingernail. talc 2Can be scratched with fingernail, but less easily. gypsum 3Can just be scratched with a copper penny. calcite 4Can be scratched easily with a knife but will not scratch glass fluorite 5Can be scratched with a knife with difficulty. apatite 6Cannot be scratched with a knife; barely scratches glass feldspar 7Scratches glass easily.quartz 8Scratches quartz easily.topaz 9Scratches topaz. corundum corundum 10Scratches topaz and all other minerals diamond

16. Mineral value Hardness makes a mineral more valuable Less likely to scratch/ break The value of gemstones depends on many factors, including How rare the mineral is Quality setting Unique color Sometimes even politics.

17. GEMSTONES

18. Formation of Minerals Crystallization from cooling magma Evaporation

19. How do minerals break? 1. Cleavage Smooth breakage

20. Rock hammer and goggles To determine cleavage and fracture, you'll need a rock hammer and a safe place to use it on mineral

21. Cleavage continued. Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. Many minerals break along flat planes, or cleavages—some in only one direction (like mica), others in two directions (like feldspar), and some in three directions (like calcite) or more (like fluorite). Some minerals, like quartz, have no cleavage. Cleavage is an important property that results from a mineral's molecular structure, and cleavage is present even when the mineral doesn't form good crystals. Cleavage can also be described as perfect, good or poor.

22. Moh’s Scale of Hardness

23. Fracture Fracture is breakage that is not flat. It can be shell shaped or jagged. You can fracture a rock just like you can fracture a bone in our body.

24. Moh’s Scale of Hardness

25. Special Properties Florescence-glows under ultra violet light. Magnetic Electrical (quartz when pressure is applied).

26. Internal Arrangement of atoms causes the differences in hardness of different minerals has geometric patterns is made of repeating patterns

27. Interior of a mineral The molecules are used to identify minerals Scientist can see them with a special x-ray machine The molecules determine how the mineral will break

28. A microscopic image shows bacteria covered in electrically conductive grains. Bacteria can use minerals in soil as electrical grids, which helps the microbes generate chemicals they need to survive, a new study says. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120608-microbes-bacteria-electricity-minerals-chemicals-swap-science http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120608-microbes-bacteria-electricity-minerals-chemicals-swap-science

29. http://tcm.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html Great Website!! Mohs Scale of Hardness page

30. Internal arrangement of atoms diamond

31. Internal arrangement of atoms graphite