2.  Born in 1876, the year of the Battle of Little Bighorn ˙Yankton Sioux Reservation, South Dakota  Father was likely a white man, named Felker ˙Mother named Ellen Simmons ˙Stepfather named John H. Simmons  Choose the name Zitkala-Sa ˙Red Bird

3.  Wrote and published autobiographies in Atlantic Monthly and Harpers Monthly in 1900-1902 ˙“Impressions of an Indian Childhood” ˙“Schooldays of an Indian Girl” ˙“An Indian Teacher among Indians” ˙“Why I am a Pagan”  Life as a child ˙Experienced Mother’s anger towards the white man ˙Very close to Indian roots ˙Influenced by Indian legends ˙However, determined to learn the white man’s ways

4.  The white man’s school ˙Visions of red apples ˙White’s Manual Institute, a Quaker school in Indiana ˙Stared at on the trip Westward ˙Disgraced by the cutting of long hair, a sign of cowardice in Sioux culture

5.  Life beyond the school ˙Accomplished singer, pianist, violinist ˙Writer, debater, orator  Continuing Education ˙Earlham College in Indiana - 1895 ˙Won a scholarship to Boston Conservatory of Music  Musical Endeavors ˙First opera written by a Native American called Sundance with William Hanson

6.  Carlisle Indian Industrial School ˙ Founded by Richard Henry Pratt ˙“Kill the savage to save the man.” ˙ Taught for two years ˙ Was involved in glee club and continued to excel at the violin  Family Life ˙Engaged to a young Sioux and Christian convert who died suddenly ˙Married Raymond Bonnin, a Souix who was employed by the U.S. Indian Service in 1902 ˙Had a son in 1903

7.  Native Americans in Literature ˙First major literary pieces from an Indian’s point of view ˙Native American culture ˙The process of assimilation  Later Literature ˙Dealt with political topics ˙Government reform, enfranchisement, and land settlement conflicts

8.  Autobiographies ˙First published in the Atlantic Monthly and Harpers Monthly ˙Became a complete work in 1921 - American Indian Stories  Short Stories ˙Compiled into a book called Old Indian Legends

9.  Coauthored Work ˙Oklahoma’s Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery ˙Written with two white authors ˙The corrupt land allocation policies in place

10.  Actively involved in Indian affairs ˙ Secretary of the Society of the American Indian – Washington D.C., 1916 ˙Organization was dedicated to the improvement of American Indian conditions ˙General Federation of Women’s Clubs took active interest in Indian affairs  Influence on Federal Government ˙Lobbied with official at the Capitol ˙Federal government agreed to investigate the condition of the Indians ˙Oklahoma’s Poor Rich Indians ultimately laid the groundwork for the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934

11.  National Council of American Indians ˙Founded in 1926 ˙First trans-tribal organization ˙Third woman from the right  Death ˙Worked tirelessly until death in 1938 ˙Followed by Raymond in 1942 ˙Buried in the Arlington Cemetery

12. ˙http://storyforme.com/StoryForMe/American_I ndianPart1.html ˙http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Z itkala_Sa.html ˙http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/gsbonnin.ht m ˙The Norton Anthology: American Literature 1865-1914, Seventh Edition. Pp. 1105-1106