1. Current Trends and Issues in Redomiciliation Transactions

2. Section 7874 – Background
Section 7874 imposes limitations on the ability of domestic corporations to become owned by a foreign parent with the same or largely the same shareholder base.
Three cumulative statutory tests trigger section 7874’s adverse consequences:
“Substantially All” – A foreign corporation acquires substantially all the properties of a domestic corporation;
“Ownership Test” – Shareholders of the US corporation receive at least 60% (or 80%) of the stock of the foreign acquiring corporation by reason of their ownership interest in the domestic target; and
At the >60% level, certain adverse tax consequences are imposed on the acquired U.S. company.
At the >80% level, the foreign acquiring corporation is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. tax purposes.
“Substantial Business Activities” – The group of which the foreign acquiring corporation is a member does not conduct substantial business activities in the foreign acquiring corporation’s jurisdiction of incorporation.

3. Section 7874 – Self Inversion Transactions
U.S. Parent Redomiciles on a Stand-Alone Basis
U.S. Parent, or an agent acting on its behalf, forms a new foreign subsidiary (“New Foreign Co.”) that will serve as the public parent of the post-redomiciliation group.
New Foreign Co. forms a new U.S. merger sub, which merges with and into U.S. Parent with U.S. Parent surviving and the U.S. Parent shareholders exchange their U.S. Parent stock for New Foreign Co. stock.
U.S. Parent SHs
Former U.S. Parent SHs
U.S. Parent
Reverse Subsidiary Merger
New Foreign Co.
New Foreign Co.
U.S. Subs
Foreign Subs
U.S. Parent
U.S. Merger Sub
U.S. Subs
Foreign Subs

4. Self-Inversion – Tax Consequences
Section 7874 Considerations
The transaction can only succeed – i.e., New Foreign Co. will only be respected as a foreign corporation for U.S. tax purposes – if the New Foreign Co. group has “substantial business activities” in New Foreign Co.’s country of incorporation.
2012 Temporary Regulations – substantial business activities is defined as 25% of each of (i) tangible assets, (ii) gross income (based on the destination of sales/services), and (iii) employees (measured by both headcount and compensation).
These regulations replaced the prior “facts and circumstances” test for determining substantial business activities.
The 2012 regulations preclude self-inversion transactions for geographically-diversified multinational companies.
Since these regulations were put in place, most redomiciliation transactions have occurred in the context of business combination transactions.
Shareholder Tax Considerations
Shareholder Gain Recognition – Under section 367, U.S. persons who are shareholders of U.S. Parent would recognize gain (but not loss) in the transaction, even though the transaction otherwise qualifies as a tax-free reorganization under the subchapter C rules.

5. Section 7874 – Cross-Border Combination Transactions
U.S. Target and Foreign Target Combine Under a Newly-Formed Foreign Company
U.S. Target, or an agent acting on its behalf, forms a new foreign subsidiary (“New Foreign Co.”) that will serve as the public parent of the combined group.
New Foreign Co. forms a new U.S. merger sub, which merges with and into U.S. Parent with U.S. Parent surviving, and the U.S. Parent shareholders exchange their U.S. Parent stock for New Foreign Co. stock.
Foreign Target shareholders exchange their Foreign Target stock for New Foreign Co. stock in a share exchange or merger effected under the relevant local law (e.g., scheme of arrangement).
Share
Exchange
or Merger
U.S. Target SHs
Foreign Target SHs
U.S. Target SHs
Foreign Target SHs
79%
U.S. Target
Foreign Target
21X Cash
21%
FMV =
79X
FMV =
21X
New Foreign Co.
FMV =
100X
New Foreign Co.
U.S. Target
Foreign Target
Reverse Subsidiary Merger
U.S. Merger Sub

6. Cross-Border Combinations – Tax Consequences
Section 7874 Considerations
The transaction must satisfy the Ownership Test (assuming the combined group does not satisfy the “substantial business activities test”).
U.S. Target shareholders must therefore receive <80% of the stock of New Foreign Co. in the transaction – i.e., Foreign Target must be >1/4 the value of U.S. Target.
If that test is satisfied, New Foreign Co. can be incorporated/domiciled wherever the parties choose.
If U.S. Target shareholders receive >60% but <80% of the stock of New Foreign Co. (a “60% Inversion”), certain adverse tax consequences are imposed on U.S. Target limiting its ability to offset certain post-transaction income (“Inversion Gain”) with tax attributes (NOLs or FTCs).
Shareholder Tax Considerations
Shareholder Gain Recognition – If U.S. persons who are shareholders of U.S. Target receive more than 50% of the stock of New Foreign Co. , then those shareholders would recognize gain (but not loss) in the transaction.
Strategies have been developed to avoid imposition of this shareholder-level tax, though their successful execution is highly dependent on the facts of the particular transaction.
Officer/Director Excise Tax – If the transaction constitutes a 60% Inversion, and shareholders recognize gain under section 367, then under Section 4985, officers and directors of U.S. Target must pay a 15% excise tax on the value of any stock-based compensation held by such persons on or around (six months before and six months after) the transaction.

7. Benefits of Redomiciliation Transactions
Platform for Foreign Growth and Acquisitions
Intercompany Leverage
Migration of Intellectual Property
Repatriation Flexibility

8. Practical Consequences of Cross-Border Transactions
Management can generally remain U.S.-based.
Given the “place of incorporation” test for tax residence under U.S. law, the location of management or board meetings is irrelevant to the foreign parent’s tax domicile.
Several legislative proposals have proposed adopting a “managed and controlled test” for corporate tax residence.
The 7874 proposals in the Obama Administration’s FY 2015 budget would impose a “managed and controlled test” in the context of cross-border migration transactions.
Board meetings may have to be in the desired tax domicile to achieve tax residence under the relevant foreign law.
E.g., Ireland requires at least some board meetings to be held in Ireland.
Foreign countries’ use of “managed and controlled” or “place of effective management” tests, rather than place of incorporation tests, can permit the new foreign parent company to be incorporated in one country and tax resident in another – e.g., Dutch-incorporated but U.K. tax resident.
The combined group would be expected to increase its non-U.S. operating presence over time due to foreign growth and acquisitions.