1. EFFECTS OF SEGREGATION

2. History: Quick Review  Civil War ended slavery  Reconstruction  Freedoms taken away  African Americans faced discrimination  1800s & 1900s  Jim Crow laws made segregation legal in the South  Separate schools & educational resources  Separate Public facilities  Socially isolate the races  1896: Plessy v. Ferguson  Separate but Equal  Made segregation legal  Separated African Americans from White society

3. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

4. Brown v. Board of Education  Mr. & Mrs. Brown, and their daughter Linda lived in Topeka, Kansas.  Kansas allowed schools to be segregated.  Linda had to attend a school for African Americans.  Linda had to ride 21 blocks to a school that was old and had a shortage of teachers.  There was a school for whites only 5 blocks from Linda’s house.  Her parents felt it was a better school than the one for African Americans.  Linda’s parents went to federal court to try to force the school for whites to admit Linda.  The Federal Court ruled against the Browns.  They appealed the decision to the Supreme Court and won.  1954: Brown v. Board of Education led to the desegregation of public schools in America.

5. Montgomery Bus Boycott  December 1955: Rosa Parks, boarded a public bus and sat in the “Whites Only” section – she refused to give up her seat to a white man.  The bus driver had her arrested. She was tried and convicted of breaking the Jim Crow laws in Montgomery, Alabama  Her arrested motivated people to boycott the Montgomery bus system for 13 months under the leadership of a young Montgomery minister, Martin Luther King, Jr.  Rosa Parks, “The Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”  The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional, a violation of the 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

6. Martin Luther King, Jr.  Dr. King believed that passive resistance against segregation was the best way to change the system.  Protests  Sit-Ins  Marches  Freedom Rides  King, and those who agreed with him, led organized protests, sit-ins, and marches to protest segregation.  One march occurred in Washington, DC in 1963.  250,000 marchers gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to show support for a Civil Rights law that was being voted on by Congress.  Dr. King delivered a speech that would be a landmark for civil rights in the U.S.  “I have a dream…”

7. Freedom Riders  1960s: Freedom Riders rode public interstate transportation through the deep South to test Jim Crow laws

8. NAACP  Formed in 1909, it is the oldest civil rights organization in the U.S.  After WWII, NAACP expanded  membership grew from 50,000 to 400,000  1950s and 1960s:  Fought for desegregation  Helped organize Montgomery bus boycott  Helped organize the march on Washington  Today:  2,000 local chapters across the country  Hundreds of college and youth chapters  Over 500,000 members

9. Legislation (laws)  1964: Civil Rights Act  Ended discrimination in public facilities  Ended discrimination in employment  Ended discrimination in government  1965: Voting Rights Act  Ended discrimination in voting practices (took away poll taxes and literacy tests)

10. Civil Rights Movement Page 44 Rosa Parks Opposed Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but Equal” Brown v. Board of Education (desegregated schools) NAACP expanded Marches MLK, Jr. People Freedom Rides Passive Resistance Sit-insProtests “I have a dream…” Montgomery Bus Boycott

11. THE CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN SOL#: II.9a IAN II: Pages 47 – 48 Table of Contents

12. Workplace Disadvantages for Women  The Civil Rights Movement inspired women to try to gain equality for themselves.  More and more women are working outside the home, but they are not equal economically to men.  Discrimination in hiring practices was common.  Businesses wrote separate help wanted ads for men and women.  Many jobs were not open to women.  Women were often paid a lower wage than men in the same job.  Women began to take action to gain equality in the workplace…

13. National Organization for Women  1966: National Organization for Women (NOW) was created to end gender discrimination in employment.  NOW did several things to help women gain equality:  Organized demonstrations  Supported the election of women to public office  Fought court battles for equal pay for equal work  Today, NOW has more than 250,000 members.

14. Education  Equal Opportunity in Education Act (Title IX)  Colleges were forced to give women equal admission and athletic opportunities  Athletic scholarships for women increased  Helped develop women’s sports in the U.S.

15. Equal Rights Amendment  Law to guarantee equal rights for all Americans regardless of gender.  Proposed in 1923, passed in 1972; but never ratified.  Despite its failure, it created a wider range of options and advancements for women.