1. 7-8 PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI - Nicolas STENO - William SMITH

2. Stratum  Strati : tingkat(an)
Grafi / grafik : penggambaran
Makna Stratigrafi secara harfiah :
“ penggambaran tingkat(an) “
Dalam arti yang luas (makna dalam geologi) :
“ Penggambaran hubungan (tingkatan) antar (lapisan) batuan vertikal maupun lateral dalam ruang dan waktu “

3. STENO’S PRINCIPLES (1669) Superposition of Strata
Original Lateral Continuity of Strata
Original Horizontality of Strata
Collorary: Vertical Accumulation of Strata

4. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION (STENO, 1669)
Modified statement:
Law of Superposition:
The youngest strata are at top in an undisturbed sequence (Anthony, 1955, p. 83

5. W D C
Litostratigrafi B A R
A > B > C > D

6. CONCEPT OF STRATA Strata, stratum, beds, layer
Stratification/ bedding/ layering
Strata as a basic concept in geology
Concept of Strata is important in understanding correlation and time relationships
Concept of Strata is important in understanding of reservoir rocks and seals

7. IDENTIFICATION OF STRATA AND STRATIFICATION
Vertical change in lithology
Characteristics vertical variations in lithology such as : Grain size, Color, Mineralogy, etc
Some degree of lateral continuity
Vertical changes and variations in lithology varies from extremely thin, laminae, to very thick

8. THE NATURE OF VERTICAL BOUNDARIES OF BEDS
GRADUAL OR TRANSITIONAL
ABRUPT OF SHARP
EROSIONAL
TRUNCATION
DISCONTINUITIES: gaps or breaks in deposition are quite common in stratal sequences.

9. CAUSES OF STRATIFICATION
Strata and stratification is caused by changes in the depositional regime, mechanical energy, chemical of biological
Changes are caused by climate/weather, sea level change or tectonics/sediment supply
Changes may take place daily, annually or even in millions of years

10. BED AS BASIC LITHOLOGIC UNIT
Generally a uniform unit of lithology
Thickness varies from laminae to extremely thick
Vertical boundaries of strata are considered depositional interface
Lithology of a bed may change laterally but in an extremely gradual way

11. THE TIME SIGNIFICANCE OF STRATA
Steno’s Law of Superposition implies that stratal or depositional surfaces are isochronous time surfaces
A stratum or a packet of strata represents of time period of deposition or contemporaneous deposition
Seismic reflection surfaces are stratal surfaces and being former bedding surfaces they are geologic time surfaces and are essentially synchronous (Vail et al, 1977)

12. STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS (SMITH, 1816)
Modified Statement:
Strata can be distinguished by their characteristic fossils (Woodford, 1935, op.cit, p.5-6; Schenk, 1940, p )

15. LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION (ABBE GIRAUD-SOULAVIE, 1777)
Statement of principle:
Fossil differs according to their geologic ages (stratigraphic position); fossils in lower formations are unlike those in higher beds. Fossil floras and faunas succeed one another in a definite and determinable order (Anthony, 1955, p.89)

16. LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION
In a succession of strata units can be identified by the specific assemblage of the fauna of its fossil content top
The fauna of the fossil content resembles closer to the modern fauna as one goes toward the top
A geologic time scale can be established based on the faunal succession.

17. Paleontologi W Ψ
Biostratigrafi β
Evolusi Φ R
Φ > β > Ψ

18. W D C
Litostratigrafi B A R
A > B > C > D

19. Φ > β > Ψ Paleontologi W Ψ Biostratigrafi β Evolusi Φ R
A > B > C > D
Φ > β > Ψ

20. 1 2 A > B > C > D W D Ψ F Ψ C β B Φ E Φ A Φ R
E (Φ) > F (Ψ) W 1 2 D Ψ F Ψ
Lito vs Biostratigrafi C β B Φ E Φ A Φ R
BAGAIMANA GABUNGAN/KORELASI 1 DAN 2 ??

21. 1 2 A > B > C > D W D Ψ F Ψ C β B Φ E Φ A Φ R
E (Φ) > F (Ψ) W 1 2 D Ψ F Ψ
Lito vs Biostratigrafi C β B Φ E Φ A Φ R
(A>B) = E (Φ) > { C (β) > D (Ψ) } =F [(- β) > Ψ]

22. Paleontologi W
Biostratigrafi
Litostratigrafi
Evolusi R

23. HORIZONTAL LATERAL CONTINUITY Steno, 1669)
Modified statement:
Law of Original Continuity:
The original continuity of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only by pinching out against the basin of deposition, at the time of their deposition.
(Anthony, loc.op.cit, p.83)

24. STRATAL CONTINUITY AND CORRELATION
Steno’s Law of Stratal Continuity established that strata or bed can be traced laterally indefinitely(?)
William Smith’s Law established that a bed (ls, ss, sh etc) can be identified in different sections by its fossil content Correlation by fossil
Correlation is essentially lateral tracing of beds  Stratal Continuity = time continuity
As bedding planes or stratal interface are isochronous, correlation is interpreted as establishing time relationships of strata

25. LATERAL CONTINUITY VS LATERAL TERMINATION
Steno’s Law of Lateral Contintuity of strata: Strata continues laterally except at the edge of the depositional basin or being truncated
Sequence Stratigraphy Lateral Termination of Strata: All strata terminates laterally by lapping out towards the base as well towards the top of the sequence boundary.

26. LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA
Base-lapping
Down-lapping towards the open sea
On-lapping toward land
Top-lapping
Off-lapping

27. LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA

28. STRATAL PATTERN OF LATERAL ACCUMULATION

29. ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY (STENO, 1669)
Statement of Principle: Dipping beds were once horizontal (Woodford, 1935, p.3)
Modified Statement: Law of horizontality: Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly horizontally and essentially parallel to the surface upon which they accumulate. (Anthony, loc op cit., p.83)

30. GREZZLYS’ CONCEPT OF FACIES

31. CLINOFORM DEPOSITION

32. VERTICAL VS LATERAL ACCUMULATION OF STRATA

33. STRATAL PATTERN OF PROGRADATION, RETROGRADATION AND AGRADATION

34. TUGAS 2
BAGAIMANA PANDANGAN SAINS TERHADAP PENCIPTAAN, DAN APAKAH PENCIPTAAN ITU SAINS ?

35. TERIMA KASIH

36. ELCAPITAN FACIES CHANGES