1. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 1

2. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 2 CHAPTER 4 THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

3. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 3 DEFINITION OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour refers to the study of consumer while engaged in the process of consumption.

4. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 4 UTILITY APPROACH  Definition –‘Utility’ means the satisfaction obtained from consuming a commodity.  Two Types of Approach –Cardinal Approach The cardinal utility theory says that utility is measurable and by placing a number of alternatives so that the utility can be added. The index used to measure utility is called utils. –Ordinal Approach The ordinal utility theory says that utility is not measurable but it can be compared. Ordinal approach uses the ranking of alternatives as first, second, third and so on.

5. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 5 TOTAL UTILITY AND MARGINAL UTILITY TOTAL UTILITY (TU) The total satisfaction that a person gets from theconsumption of goods and service. TOTAL UTILITY (TU) The total satisfaction that a person gets from theconsumption of goods and service. MARGINAL UTILITY (MU) The additional to total utility as a result of consuming one more unitsof the same good or services.Marginal Utility (MU) = Change in Total UtilityChange in Total Quantity MU =  TU/  Q MARGINAL UTILITY (MU) The additional to total utility as a result of consuming one more unitsof the same good or services.Marginal Utility (MU) = Change in Total UtilityChange in Total Quantity MU =  TU/  Q

6. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 6 LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY  Definition The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase of a stock of a thing diminishes, other things being equal, with every increase in the stock that he already has. OR Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that as consumption increases more and more, marginal utility will be less and less.

7. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 7 LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY (cont.) Units of Apples Total UtilityMarginal Utility 120 23515 34510 4505 5 0 645-5 735-10 820-15 TU increases from consumption of 1 st unit of apple until the 5 th unit of apples. After the 5 th unit of apples, TU will decrease. MU will decrease and become zero at the 5 th unit of apples and further consumption of apples will not satisfy the consumer as the MU shows negative signs.

8. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 8 LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY (cont.) When TU is increasing, MU will be positive. When TU is at its maximum, MU will be zero. When TU is decreasing, MU will be negative. When TU is increasing, MU will be positive. When TU is at its maximum, MU will be zero. When TU is decreasing, MU will be negative.

9. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 9 LAW OF EQUI-MARGINAL UTILITY (EMU)  Definition The Law of Equi-Marginal Utility (EMU) states that other things being equal, a consumer gets maximum satisfaction when he allocates his limited income to the purchase of different goods, where the marginal utility derived from the last unit of money spent on each item of expenditure tends to be equal. –This is also known as conditions for maximum utility or satisfaction.

10. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 10 LAW OF EQUI-MARGINAL UTILITY (EMU) (cont.)  Conditions for Equilibrium For consumer equilibrium, this condition must be fulfilled. Condition 1: Every ringgit spent on every commodity must yield the same marginal utility. Marginal Utility of X =Marginal Utility of Y Price of X Price of Y Condition 2:Total expenditure of all goods must be equal to the total budget allocated to maximize utility. P 1 Q 1 + P 2 Q 2 + … + P n Q n = Total budget

11. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 11 LAW OF EQUI-MARGINAL UTILITY (EMU) (cont.) QuantityProduct PProduct QProduct R Total Utility MU P /P P Total UtilityMU Q /P Q Total UtilityMU R /P R 1214.27716 4 2414136303.5 3593.6185423 4743224502 5852.2253551.25 6911.2272580.75 7910281600.5 EXAMPLE: Arwin has an income of RM37 and the prices of goods P, Q and R are RM5, RM1 and RM4 respectively. Condition 1 : Every ringgit spent on every commodity must yield the same marginal utility. Fulfilling condition 1, two combination of goods are obtained: Combination 1 : 2P, 4Q and 1R Combination 2 : 4P, 5Q and 3R Fulfilling condition 1, two combination of goods are obtained: Combination 1 : 2P, 4Q and 1R Combination 2 : 4P, 5Q and 3R Condition 2 : Total expenditure of all goods must be equal to the total budget allocated to maximize utility. Combination 1 : 2P, 4Q and 1R 2(5) + 4(1) + 1(4) = 18 Combination 2 : 4P, 5Q and 3R 4(5) + 5(1) + 3(4) = 37 So, 4 units of Product P, 5 units of Product Q and 3 units of Product R will be purchased by Arwin. Combination 1 : 2P, 4Q and 1R 2(5) + 4(1) + 1(4) = 18 Combination 2 : 4P, 5Q and 3R 4(5) + 5(1) + 3(4) = 37 So, 4 units of Product P, 5 units of Product Q and 3 units of Product R will be purchased by Arwin.

12. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 12 INDIFFERENCE CURVE  Definition –An indifference curve represents all the possible combinations of two goods which will give the same level of satisfaction.  Assumptions 1.Scale of preferences 2.Consumers’ preferences are transitivity 3.Rationality 4.Diminishing marginal rate of substitution 5.Concept of ordinal utility

13. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 13 INDIFFERENCE CURVE (cont.) CombinationsGood YGood X A122 B64 C46 D38 E2 An indifference schedule is a list of combination of two goods that give equal satisfaction to the consumer. The table above shows all the five combinations, which will give the equal level of satisfaction.

14. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 14 INDIFFERENCE CURVE (cont.) An indifference curve represents all those combinations of two goods; X and Y which yield the same level of satisfaction to a consumer.

15. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 15 INDIFFERENCE MAP An indifference map shows a set of indifference curve. The higher the indifference curve from the origin, higher will be the utility. IC 3 has the higher satisfaction.

16. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 16 INDIFFERENCE CURVE  Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution –Refers to the rate at which one good is substituted for another good.  Characteristics of Indifference Curve 1. Indifference curve slopes downward from left to right. 2. Indifference curve are convex to the origin. 3. Higher indifference curves represent higher level of satisfaction. 4. Indifference curve never intersect each other. 5. Indifference curve does not touch the Y axis or X axis.

17. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 17 BUDGET LINE A budget line represents various combinations of two goods, which can be purchased with a given amount of money at the given price of each unit.

18. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 18 CHANGES IN BUDGET LINE 1. Change in Consumer’s Income An increase in consumer’s income will lead to a shift of the budget line to the right, A1B1. A decrease in consumer’s income will shift the budget line to the left as represented by A 2 B 2. An increase in consumer’s income will lead to a shift of the budget line to the right, A1B1. A decrease in consumer’s income will shift the budget line to the left as represented by A 2 B 2.

19. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 19 CHANGES IN BUDGET LINE (cont.) Price of good X increase from RM1 to RM2 and price of good Y constant. Price of good X decrease from RM1 to RM0.50 and price of good Y constant. Budget Line AB A1B1A1B1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2468101214 Good X Good Y Good X Budget Line 0 10 20 30 24681012141618202224 Good Y AB A1B1A1B1 Good X 2. Change in Price of Good X

20. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 20 CHANGES IN BUDGET LINE (cont.) 3. Change in Price of Good Y Price of good Y increase from RM0.50 to RM1 and price of good X constant. Price of good Y decrease from RM0.50 to RM0.40 and price of good X constant. Budget Line AB AB 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2468101214 Good X Good Y Budget Line AB AB1AB1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2468101214 Good X Good Y

21. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 21 CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM A consumer is in equilibrium when he or she is consuming the best possible combination of two goods with the given amount of income. At point b, and e, the consumer will have a lesser satisfaction at IC 3 with the same amount of income At point b, and e, the consumer will have a lesser satisfaction at IC 3 with the same amount of income Consumer equilibrium is reached when indifference curve tangent with budget Line which represents best combinationof two goods with limited incomeas point C. Consumer equilibrium is reached when indifference curve tangent with budget Line which represents best combinationof two goods with limited incomeas point C.

22. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 22 INCOME, PRICE AND SUBSTITUTION EFFECT  INCOME EFFECT –The income effect is defined as the effect on the purchases of the consumer caused by changes in income with prices of goods remaining constant.  PRICE EFFECT –Price effect explains what happens to the consumers’ equilibrium position when the price of one good changes while the price of another good and other factors remains constant.  SUBSTITUTION EFFECT –Substitution effect explains what happens to the consumers’ equilibrium position when the price of both good changes—price of one rises and price of another falls while other factors remains constant.

23. All Rights Reserved PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 4– 23 CONSUMER SURPLUS Consumer surplus is defined as the excess of what a consumer is willing to pay and what he/she actually pays. Consumer surplus is defined as the excess of what a consumer is willing to pay and what he/she actually pays. Bars of chocolate 1 2345 Price (RM)2.502.001.501.000.80 Price (RM) Quantity 2.50 1.00 4 0 DD CONSUMER SURPLUS Consumer surplus = (2.50 + 2 + 1.50 + 1) – (1 x 4) = RM3.00 Example : Suppose Sally who is fond of chocolates is ready to pay for each successive bar of chocolate as shown in table below. Assume that Sally is willing to pay lower price for the successive bar of chocolates. Assume the market price of one bar of chocolate is RM1.00. CONSUMER SURPLUS = TOTAL VALUE – (MARKET PRICE x NUMBER OF UNITS CONSUMED)