1. Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman Digital Image Processing Lecture 3: Image Formation

2. University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 2 Courtesy Brian Mac Namee Gonzalez and Woods

3. Contents  This lecture will cover:  Image representation  Image sensing and acquisition  Sampling, quantisation and resolution University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 3

4. Electromagnetic spectrum University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 4 Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) Form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles Exhibits wave-like behaviour Travels through space Has both electric and magnetic components Electromagnetic spectrum Range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

5. Contents University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 5

6. Image Representation col row f (row, col)  A digital image is composed of M rows and N columns of pixels each storing a value  Pixel values are most often grey levels in the range 0-255 (black-white)  Images can easily be represented as matrices University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 6

7. Image Acquisition Images are typically generated by illuminating a scene and absorbing the energy reflected by the objects in that scene University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 7

8. Image Sensing  Incoming energy lands on a sensor material responsive to that type of energy and this generates a voltage  Collections of sensors are arranged to capture images Imaging Sensor Line of Image Sensors Array of Image Sensors University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 8

9. Image Sampling And Quantisation  A digital sensor can only measure a limited number of samples at a discrete set of energy levels  Quantisation is the process of converting a continuous analogue signal into a digital representation of this signal University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 9

10. Image Sampling And Quantisation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 10

11. Image Sampling And Quantisation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 11

12. Image Sampling And Quantisation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 12

13. Image Sampling And Quantisation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 13

14. Image Sampling And Quantisation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 14 0 50 45 30 20 10 5 1 5 10 20 30 45 50 0

15. Image Sampling And Quantisation (cont…)  Remember that a digital image is always only an approximation of a real world scene University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 15

16. Image Representation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 16

17. Image Representation University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 17

18. X-Ray image formation

19. Spatial Resolution  The spatial resolution of an image is determined by how sampling was carried out  Spatial resolution simply refers to the smallest details in an image University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 19

20. Spatial Resolution (cont…) University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 20

21. Intensity Level Resolution  Intensity level resolution refers to the number of intensity levels used to represent the image  The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail discernable in an image  Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the number of bits used to store each intensity level Number of Bits Number of Intensity Levels Examples 120, 1 2400, 01, 10, 11 4160000, 0101, 1111 825600110011, 01010101 1665,5361010101010101010 University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 21

22. Intensity Level Resolution (cont…) Quality of two images with same contents and same size? University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 22 4 grey levels (2 bpp)2 grey levels (1 bpp)

23. Intensity Level Resolution (cont…) Quality of two images with same contents and same size? University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 23 12130 13101 02323 31110 03201 01010 01000 01111 10000 01100 4 grey levels (2 bpp)2 grey levels (1 bpp)

24. Intensity Level Resolution (cont…) Quality of two images with same contents and same size? University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 24 4 grey levels (2 bpp)2 grey levels (1 bpp)

25. Intensity Level Resolution (cont…) 128 grey levels (7 bpp)64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp) 16 grey levels (4 bpp)8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp)2 grey levels (1 bpp) 256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 25

26. Saturation & Noise University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 26

27. Resolution: How Much Is Enough?  The big question with resolution is always how much is enough?  This all depends on what is in the image and what you would like to do with it  Key questions include  Does the image look aesthetically pleasing?  Can you see what you need to see within the image? University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 27

28. Resolution: How Much Is Enough? (cont…)  The picture on the right is fine for counting the number of cars, but not for reading the number plate University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 28

29. Intensity Level Resolution (cont…) Low DetailMedium DetailHigh Detail University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 29

30. Summary  We have looked at:  Image representation  Image sensing and acquisition  Sampling, quantisation and resolution University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 30