1. Homework Review book questions on Latin America due Thursday Outline on Change (#13 in green packet) due Thursday. Practice Regents Friday. Bring your textbook to class ASAP!

2. Africa Regents Review June 7, 2016

3. I. Africa’s Geography –Varied geography (jungle, rain forests, Sahara desert, savannah, mountains, etc.) has led to a variety of cultures –Earliest human beings originated in the Great Rift Valley –Oldest human remains located in Africa, humans migrated following animal herds for food –Smooth (regular) coastline inhibited oceanic trade on west coast –Arid (dry) climate in Sahara leaves it sparsely populated

4. II. The Bantu Migrations (3000 B.C.-1000 AD) –Bantu people migrated due to population pressures to seek new lands to farm –Bantu migration spread agriculture (slash and burn method), their spoken language, iron metallurgy, animism (nature worship religion, similar to Shintoism in Japan) throughout Africa –Slow migration due to geography – rainforests, great rift valley, river rapids and waterfalls

5. Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai (800 – 1500 AD) a.Regular (smooth) coastline limited oceanic/maritime trade which led to development of trans-Saharan trade routes which utilized camel caravans and oasis locations b.Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became wealthy taxing the trans-Saharan trade routes c.Taxed gold and salt d.Mali empire became Islamic, king Mansa-Musa took pilgrimage to Mecca which fostered cultural diffusion of Islam i.Capital city of Timbuktu center of learning –contained a library e.Slave trade helped destroy Songhai kingdom, removed millions of Africans, fueled civil wars

6. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (c. 1500 – mid 1800s) –Europeans needed cheap labor for plantations in the “New World” b/c natives died from disease –Slave fortresses along the coast, brutal conditions on slave ships followed by labor on plantations –Massive forced migration of Africans to the Americas

7. Scramble for Africa (c. 1800s-early 1900s) –Europeans colonized Africa in search of raw materials for industrialization, cheap labor, and markets/consumers to sell products to (mercantilism) –Colonial boundaries grouped various tribes together which contributed to modern ethnic tensions and civil war –White Man’s Burden, built schools, railroads, spread Christianity, etc… –French/British built Suez Canal to shorten trade routes from Asia to Europe

8. Concluding Question Based on what we have learned, why do you think there were no more powerful kingdoms in Western Africa after 1600?