1. Women Fight for Equality Chapter 23, Section 2 Notes

2. Objectives Identify factors that led to the rise of the women’s movement in the 1960s Describe some of the early gains and losses of the women’s movement Summarize the legacy of the women’s movement in employment, education, and politics

3. Main Idea and Terms/Names Through protests and marches, women confronted social and economic barriers in American society. Betty Friedan Feminism NOW Gloria Steinem ERA Phyllis Schlafly

4. Is this all? (Q 3, 4, 5) In 1957, Betty Friedan wrote the Feminine Mystique that d escribed a sense of dissatisfaction with being a housewife; many women shared this feeling which led to “consciousness raising” sessions that eventually ignited a “second wave of feminism” Feminism – belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

5. Women’s Movement (Q 1) The workplace – women were shut out of “men’s work” Took clerical jobs, domestic service, social work, teaching, and nursing that did not pay well; this discrimination was ignored until… JFK appointed a Commission to study the status of women in 1961 Women paid less for same work Women seldom promoted These findings sparked social activism & some slow societal change …

6. Movement’s Gains and Losses Women’s movement gained strength after Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Prohibited discrimination; EXAMPLES - EXPERIENCES IN SOCIAL ACTIVISM: Q2 & Q7 - NOW – National Organization for Women – created in 1966 to p ursue women’s goals including child-care facilities to enable women to pursue better education & jobs; pushed for ending gender discrimination in hiring (this led the EEOC to end sex-segregated job ads which opened the door to traditionally male jobs).

7. Movement’s Gains and Losses New York Radical Women Staged a demonstration at the Miss America Pagaent – tossed bras, wigs, etc. Gloria Steinem (Q8) – journalist and political activist h elped found National Women’s Political Caucus – encourage women to run for political office Created Ms. Magazine – treated issues with a feminist perspective

8. Movement’s Gains and Losses Legal Changes (Q8 & 9) 1972 - part of the Higher Education Act passed by Congress banned gender discrimination in education (opening many all male colleges to women). Later that year Congress expanded the power of the EEOC giving working parents a tax brake for child care expenses. Roe v. Wade – Supreme Court Decision Landmark case that supported women’s right to choose an abortion (1973). Supported by NOW but continues to be a divisive societal issue today.

9. Movement’s Gains and Losses Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Passed by Congress in 1972 – guaranteed that both men & women would enjoy the same rights & protections under the law. To become a Constitutional Amendment, the Act needed to pass 38 states too… BUT… A stop-ERA campaign was launched Phyllis Schlafly, anti-feminists & conservative religious groups opposed the ERA along with the New Right “ Pro- family” coalition.

10. Movement’s Gains and Losses ERA only passed 35 of 38 states before the deadline Defeated! Glass Ceiling – women still can’t reach highest positions (article) ERA site Despite the defeat of the ERA, women’s attitudes towards careers and family were changed Expanded career opportunities for women