1. Classifying Living Things 1

2. Species of Organisms There are 8.7 million known different species of organisms There are 8.7 million known different species of organisms New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified About 13,000-20,000 are discovered each year About 13,000-20,000 are discovered each yearyear yet“Eighty-six percent of all land-dwelling species and 91 percent in the water have yet to be discovered and cataloged by science, according to an estimate published in PLoS Biology by the Census of Marine Life scientists.” 2 Camilo Mora, Derek P. Tittensor, Sina Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Boris Worm Published: August 23, 2011DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127Featured in PLOS CollectionsPLOS Collections

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4. copyright cmassengale4 Credit: CoML

5. What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms 5

6. Benefits of Classifying 3 ways: 1. By learning about characteristics of an individual and the group 2. Classification makes it easier to organize and find info about specific organisms. 3. Prevent misnomers – like jellyfish, sea horse, and dogfish 6

7. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names 7

8. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists 8

9. Early Taxonomists Aristotle Aristotle Based his system on where the organism livedBased his system on where the organism lived Adam (First Man) Adam (First Man) Named the animalsNamed the animals 9

10. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure or physical characteristics Developed naming system still used today 10

11. Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Created the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Created the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature 11

12. Scientific Names Binomial nomenclature: Binomial nomenclature: ◦ Binomial = “two – name” ◦ Nomenclature = “naming – system” Two-word name known as the scientific name Two-word name known as the scientific name A non-scientific name is known as the common name A non-scientific name is known as the common name Languages used: Latin or Greek (because they are descriptive languages) Languages used: Latin or Greek (because they are descriptive languages) Italicized in type/print Italicized in type/print Capitalize Genus name, but NOT species Capitalize Genus name, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing 12 Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda Fennec Fox Rainbow lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus

13. Binomial Nomenclature 13 Which TWO are in the same Genus?

14. Binomial Nomenclature copyright cmassengale14 Canis familiaris Canis lupus Canis rufus

15. Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific 15

16. 8 Levels of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species 16 BROADEST TAXON Most Specific taxon

17. Domain Domain Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species! Species! 17

18. copyright cmassengale18 Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/200 4-lion.jpg Eukarya

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20. Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon TWO DOMAINS: 1. Prokarya a)No nucleus b)No organelles 2. Eukarya a)Nucleus b)Organelles 20

21. ProkaryaEukarya Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia copyright cmassengale21 Domains: Kingdoms:

22. Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in HARSH environments Found in: –Sewage Treatment Plants –Thermal or Volcanic Vents –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acidic –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) 22

23. 23 ARCHAEAN Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park Deep sea ocean vent

24. Kingdom EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE (pathogens) Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making: cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. 24

25. 25 Live in the intestines of animals

26. Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) 26

27. Kingdom Protista MOST are unicellular (made of ONE cell) MOST are unicellular (made of ONE cell) Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Mostly Aquatic Mostly Aquatic 27

28. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin Main function is Decomposition Main function is Decomposition 28

29. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular plants Multicellular plants Autotrophic- Absorb sunlight to make glucose through Photosynthesis Autotrophic- Absorb sunlight to make glucose through Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose 29

30. 30 Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals

31. Problems with Classification Man made – will have mistakes Man made – will have mistakes Uncertainties – sometimes there is not a clear definition of a “genus” or “species” Uncertainties – sometimes there is not a clear definition of a “genus” or “species” False Conclusions – Evolutionists try to name and classify organisms according to how they believe the organisms evolved False Conclusions – Evolutionists try to name and classify organisms according to how they believe the organisms evolved Classification is a tool to aid our understanding of God’s Creation Classification is a tool to aid our understanding of God’s Creation 31

32. Classifying a Species Defining what species is difficult because many factors are considered: Defining what species is difficult because many factors are considered: Members of a species are structurally similar but do have a degree of variationMembers of a species are structurally similar but do have a degree of variation Members of a species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspringMembers of a species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring 32

33. 33 Problems with Species Concept: Since an organism’s environment can greatly affect its appearance, classification by physical characteristics is only an artificial method that could contain errors Since an organism’s environment can greatly affect its appearance, classification by physical characteristics is only an artificial method that could contain errors