1. Solar Energy Technology Science Summer Camp Session 1 Monday 9:00 - 11:30 AM Introduction to Solar Energy

2. Introduction Description of Facilities Location of restrooms etc. Go Over Course Handout Notes

3. SummerITeens 2010 Solar Energy Technology Schedule Intro to Solar Energy GV Site Selection Factors 1 GV Site Selection Factors 2 GV Basic Electricity ?? Grid Planning Exercise GV System Components & Configurations ?? Field Trip + Designing & Installing a PV System ?? Field Trip + Designing & Installing a PV System ?? Site Selection Exercise ??

4. General Safety Rules Safety first Always follow safety rules

5. Session 1 Topics Introduction to Solar Energy 5 Look at the three "legs" of Energy use: Production, Efficiency Conservations Energy production, availability and use Types of solar technologies History of PV technology and industry trends Impact of improving Technology versus Conservations Potential for solar in New York, US and the World Needs (markets) and applications for PV (grid-tied, remote homes, telecom, etc.) Types of PV systems (direct motor, standalone with storage, grid-backup, etc.) Activities

6. Initial Activities Use flashlights with the following to see how PV solar can produce electrical energy –Solar Cars –Solar Fan –Radiometers 9:20 AM

7. Activity – Guess Production/Use Have students guess how much energy in percent is produce by the different sources Guess how percentages breakout with renewable Guess with circles for various source of energy Guess ratios of energy units for three types of countries. Set up a sheet with guess column then actual write in.

8. Activity 1-1 – Guess Production/Use Make a guess how much primary energy in percent is produce by the different sources –Primary Includes transportation, heating and electrical generation Fossil Fuel (Oil, Gas, Coal): _____ _____ Hydro and Nuclear _____ _____ Renewables (Wind, Solar, Geothermal) _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 87.5% XXX 12.1% XXX 0.4%

9. World Primary Energy Production Includes transportation, heating and electrical generation http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/6602#more%29 Oil, natural gas and coal account for 87.5% 32.0% 36.5% 19.0% Nuclear and hydro 12.1% 5.1% 7.0% 0.4% wind, solar, geothermal 0.4%

10. Activity 1-1 – Guess Production/Use Make a guess how much primary energy in percent is produce by the different sources –Primary Includes transportation, heating and electrical generation Fossil Fuel (Oil, Gas, Coal): _____ _____ Hydro and Nuclear _____ _____ Renewables (Wind, Solar, Geothermal) _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 87.5% XXX 12.1% XXX 0.4%

11. Activity 1-2 – Guess % Breakdown of Renewables Make a guess as to the % each renewable as a part of the total global production of renewable energy Geothermal _____ _____ Solar _____ _____ Wind _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 18 % XXX 4 % XXX 78%

12. World Renewable Energy Production

13. Activity 1-2 – Guess % Breakdown of Renewables Make a guess as to the % each renewable as a part of the total global production of renewable energy Geothermal _____ _____ Solar _____ _____ Wind _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 18 % XXX 4 % XXX 78%

14. Non Renewables - Total Energy Reserves Current World Energy Use Per Year Renewables - Total Energy Potential Per Year Gas? Oil? Coal? Uranium? Solar? Wind? Waves? Geo - Ocean Thermal ? Hydro? Which energy source is represent- ed by the big blue circle ? Biomass? Activity 1-3 – Guess Production Potential

15. Thermal

16. Activity 1-4 – Guess Relative Energy Use by Countries Make a guess as to the relative amount in kW hours per person the following countries use. The average for the world is 1.9 kW per person per day US/Canada _____ _____ Europe/Japan _____ _____ China/India _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 12 kWh XXX 6 kWh XXX <1 kWh

17. Activity 1-4 – Guess Relative Energy Use by Countries Make a guess as to the relative amount in kW hours per person the following countries use. The average for the world is 1.9 kW per person per day. US/Canada _____ _____ Europe/Japan _____ _____ China/India _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 12 kWh XXX 6 kWh XXX <1 kWh

18. Energy Use Link Link Avg Use per Person US/Canada: 12 kW Europe/Japan 6 kW Developing Counties <1 kW In Kg of oil equivalent per year

19. Activity 1-5 – Guess % Wasted and Lost Energy Make a guess as to the relative amount in % –How much energy is wasted (not needed - lights on no one in the room) –How much energy is lost in the production process Energy Wasted _____ _____ Energy Lost _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 55 % XXX 45%(20-71%)

20. Capturing Lost & Wasted Energy About 55% of the energy used in homes and offices is not needed 20 Turn off lights Improved Tech Improved Prod Reduce Consumption and Improve Production Between 20 - 71% (avg 45%) of the energy is lost in production

21. Activity 1-5 – Guess % Wasted and Lost Energy Make a guess as to the relative amount in % –How much energy is wasted (not needed - lights on no one in the room) –How much energy is lost in the production process Energy Wasted _____ _____ Energy Lost _____ _____ Guess Actual XXX 55 % XXX 45%(20-71%) 9:30 AM

22. Act. 1-6 Comparing Energy Savings Conservations vs. Improved Technology Technology savings (Improved Technology): –100 watt Incandescent = 25 w CFL, = 10 watt LED Cost to run a 100 Watt Bulb for 1 year: –100 W x 365 x 24 = 100 W x 8760 hr 876.0 kWh.1 kW x 8760 hr = 876.0 kWh in 1 year –at 15 ¢/kWh = $131.40 per year One hundred 100W bulbs = 87,600 kWh or $13,140 per year $9855 –CFLs at use of 25% = 21,900 kWh $3285 (savings of $9855) $11,826 –LEDs at use of.1% = 8,750 kWh $1314 (savings of $11,826) Conservation savings (if only needed 6 hrs per day) – 6/24 =.25 = 25% usage of all hours $9855 –25% = 21,900 kWh $3285 (savings of $9855) same as going to a CFL

23. Energy Use for Various Building Types Restaurant: 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day Hospital: 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day Office Blding: 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day Groc/Depart: 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day School: 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day Religious: 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day Residential: 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day Res: 11,040 kWh, an average per year of 920 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per month Res = 1000 -to 6000 sq ft (avg of is 1,975 square feet)

24. Act 1-7. Energy Audit Exercise - In-class In class: –Restaurant: ________ x _______ = –Hospital ________ x _______ = –Office Building ________ x _______ = –Department store ________ x _______ = –School ________ x _______ = –Religious ________ x _______ = –Residential ________ x _______ = Restaurant: 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day Hospital: 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day Office Blding: 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day Groc/Depart: 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day School: 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day Religious: 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day Residential: 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day Number kWh/day-bldg Total kWh/day

25. Act 1-7: Electrical Energy Audit Exercise - City Act 1-7: Electrical Energy Audit Exercise - City In class: –Restaurant: ___10_____ x 800 = 8,000 kWh –Hospital ____1_____ x 3700 = 3,700 kWh –Office Building ___100____ x 1700 = 170,000 kWh –Department store ___10_____ x 1300 = 13,000 kWh –School ___10_____ x 1000 = 10,000 kWh –Religious ___20_____ x 220 = 4,400 kWh –Residential ___1000___ x 30 = 30,000 kWh –Total 239,100 kWh Restaurant: 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day Hospital: 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day Office Blding: 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day Groc/Depart: 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day School: 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day Religious: 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day Residential: 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day Number kWh/day-bldg Total kWh/day 9:40 AM

26. Act.1-8 Energy Survey Exercise - at Home Using the form at: http://www.hss-1.us/sunyit/solarcamp/energy-audits/2007_HOME_ENERGY_SURVEY.pdf By camp time on Wednesday do as much as you can of Home Energy Survey. 9:45 AM

27. Types of Solar Technologies Passive Solar –Passive solar technologies use sunlight without the use of mechanical or electrical systems (as contrasted to active solar to convert sunlight into usable light and heat. –Examples: Every car, south facing window, green house etc are all passive solar collectors. –Also broadly speaking use shading to keep areas cool in summer is passive. Active Solar –Active solar technologies converts solar energy into usable light, heat, using electrical or mechanical equipment –Examples: Pumps and fans, to increase the usable heat in a system - e.g. solar hot water. Solar Thermal vs. Photo Voltaics –Solar Thermal term used to describe heat (rather than electricity) directly generated by the sun. –PV directly generates electricity fro the sun –Examples: solar swimming pool heaters and household domestic water heaters - Demo solar thermal kit Electrical Generation –Concentrating Solar Power - PV and Solar Thermal CSP systems use lenses or mirrors to focus a large area of sunlight onto a small area. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is directed onto photovoltaic surfaces (CPV) or used to heat a transfer fluid for a conventional power plant (CST). Examples: Mirrors and Lenses to focus a light flash light, solar oven. –Photovoltaics (PV) - Flat Plate PVs are arrays of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts solar radiation into direct current electricity. At least fourteen types of photovoltaic cells, such as thin film, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous cells Examples: Show how two substances generate electricity with wooden PV cell. Hand out examples of solar cells - look at the make-up of a real solar cell

28. PV History, Trends & Potential 1880’s - Photoelectric effect first observed (selenium) 1905 – Einstein explains photovoltaic effect 1930 – Selenium studies continue 1950’s – Bell Labs develop PV cells based on silicon for remote communication sites 1960’s – NASA develops PV for space exploration 1980’s to 1990’s – Specialized uses due to high costs 2000’s – Century of the sun. Price drops within reach of other means of electricity production 28 9:50 AM

29. Solar Potential 29

30. NYS Renewable Energy Taskforce World: Already 1 to 10 % of electrical generation in Spain, Germany and Denmark US: Small but growing rapidly NY Goal: 1.Develop eight times more solar photovoltaic energy generation in New York – over 100 megawatts by 2011. 2. Increasing the renewable energy supply in New York State to meet 25 percent of electricity demand by 2013

31. 10:00 AM

32. Break Time Lunch: 10:00 10:05

33. Activity 1-9: Solar Potential On maps draw relative size of area needed to meet electric need for a given scale: World, US and NY.

34. Activity 1-9 Solar Potential On maps draw relative size of area needed to meet electric need for a given scale: World, US and NY.

39. 63 % in Berlin compared to NY

41. The peak electrical load occurs on the hot days with the most sun

45. Real Cost of Meeting Peak Load 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours Typical Peak Load Extreme Peak Load - Couple of Times a Year Occurs during heat waves Also peak solar energy production times 70 - 95% of Peak Solar Production 70 - 95% of Peak Solar Production Solar energy in the East Coast of the US has a good financial potential because the time of peak load matches the time of peak solar power generation.

46. Activity 1-10: Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak Load Capacity Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo: _________ Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15¢ per kWh: _________ Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5¢ kWh: _________ Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be: __________ Having the capability to handle peak capacity for just a couple of days each year can add between 25 - 50% to your annual electrical bill.

47. Activity 1-10: Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak Load Capacity Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo: _________12,000 kWh Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15¢ per kWh: _________ Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5¢ kWh: _________ Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be: __________ Having the capability to handle peak capacity for just a couple of days each year can add between 25 - 50% to your annual electrical bill.

48. Activity 1-10: Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak Load Capacity Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo: _________12,000 kWh Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15¢ per kWh: _________ $1800 Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5¢ kWh: _________ Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be: __________ Having the capability to handle peak capacity for just a couple of days each year can add between 25 - 50% to your annual electrical bill.

49. Activity 1-10: Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak Load Capacity Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo: _________12,000 kWh Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15¢ per kWh: _________ $1800 Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5¢ kWh: _________ $ 600 Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be: __________ Having the capability to handle peak capacity for just a couple of days each year can add between 25 - 50% to your annual electrical bill.

50. Activity 1-10: Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak Load Capacity Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo: _________12,000 kWh Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15¢ per kWh: _________ $1800 Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5¢ kWh: _________ $ 600 Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be: __________ $1200 Having the capability to handle peak capacity for just a couple of days each year can add between 25 - 50% to your annual electrical bill. 10:15 AM

51. Average Price of Electricity across US in 2003 (¢/kWh) In US cost ranges from 5 to 17 ¢ per kWh In NY it is about 14 - 15 ¢ per kWh

52. Bill Sample http://www.hss-1.us/sunyit/solarcamp/energy-audits/sample-bill.pdf Activity 1-11 Reading Bill

53. Sample Bill Cont'd 99999-9999 123456 10:25 AM

54. The Solar Cell Cell Panel or Module Array

55. Activity 1-12: Solar Cell/System Examine the solar PV cells on your desk as we go through the exercise We will also use a wooden mock up of the P- N Junction to examine how the electron Move in the Solar cell when exposed to sunlight

56. Solar Cell n-type (neg) silicon (blue)p-type (pos) silicon (red). A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type (neg) silicon (blue) and p-type (pos) silicon (red). photons (light particles)n-type layer 1-2. When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper n-type layer surface. photons carry their energy down p-type layer. 2-3. The photons (yellow blobs) carry their energy down through the cell to the lower p-type layer. photonsgive up their energy to electrons (green blobs) 3-4. The photons give up their energy to electrons (green blobs) in the lower, p-type layer. electrons jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer 4-5. The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer electron to escape out into the circuit. 5-6. This energy then allows the electron to escape out into the circuit. electrons 6-7. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up and back to the cell. N- (doped) Type Si --------- P- (doped) Type Si P-N Junction

57. N-Type --------- P-Type Using electrons (marbles) fill in the N Type P-Junction Move electrons (marbles) as we go through the slides to see how the electrons move in the solar cell

58. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++

59. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++

60. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++

61. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ -

62. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ -

63. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ - -

64. N-Type --------- P-Type + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ + N-Type ------- P-Type --- +++ - - - - 10:35 AM

65. Reference 2 Typical PV Cell

66. Solar PV Markets Four basic markets that use PV Solar CellsFour basic markets that use PV Solar Cells (1) Utility Scale PV Systems (2) Commercial PV Systems (3) Residential PV Systems (4) Specialized PV Systems

67. Utility Scale PV Systems 67

68. Commercial PV Systems 68 Generally for on-site electricity use Building Integrated PV Systems (BIPV) Typical of flat roofs

69. Residential PV Systems Residential PV Systems 69

70. Specialized PV Systems 70 Space Craft Telecommunications Remote pumping systems Refrigeration systems

71. Mounting Systems 71 Roof mount Pole Mount Ground Mount

72. Roof Mounts 72

73. Pole Mounts 73

74. Ground Mounts74 10:55 AM

75. Basic PV System Diagram 75

76. PV Inverter

77. Activity 1-13: Trace PV Solar System from Grid to Home Solar home – Use mock up to trace stand alone and grid tied. Inverter DC AC Battery

78. Direct Coupled PV Systems Off-Grid Direct Coupled PV Systems 78

79. Off-Grid PV Systems With Battery 79

80. Grid-tied PV System 80

81. Grid tied with Battery Backup 81

82. Solar Power Issues It is an intermittent resource –None at night –Cloudy days reduce energy production –Transient clouds cause rapid power fluctuations Solar modules manufacture involves toxic chemicals – must managed –China - the rumor is they pour everything into the nearest river. Manufacture involves plenty of energy –Payback time for just that energy is about 2.5 years, –But coming down (not long ago it was decades). Installing PV involves resources (people, offices, brochures and transportation). – Creating a green job, also creates a way to burn energy and resources. The very long life of a solar installation does outweigh many concerns, but it's still better to use less energy. You have to eat your conservation vegetables before you get your PV dessert 11:30 AM

83. Activities- Notes Residential PV Grid tied exercise – give students a simple mock up of a model house, electrical panel, meter, inverter, wires, solar panel, fan, and lightResidential PV Grid tied exercise – give students a simple mock up of a model house, electrical panel, meter, inverter, wires, solar panel, fan, and light –See the Monday’s Conergy presentation for ppt examples –Have students use mockup to trace system and electrical generation flow in a net metering environment. Other Activities:Other Activities: –Project: Graphing Heat Absorption –Heat absorbing capacity of different colors and backgrounds – ses 2 –Radiant water heat loss experiment – session 2 –Energy Audit Homework – home energy audit worksheet– work towards designing an energy efficient home - session 1 –Look at managing the grid as an ISO grid operator. Session 6 –Give them weather situation, have them forecast for hydro, solar, wind, (temperature for load and efficiencies) – give them choice as to how much gas, coal they will need – winner will be lowest over power. Session 6

84. Lunch End AM Session Lunch: 11:30 AM - 12:20 PM 12:20 PM: We will meet outside to place pole in ground for experiment 12:30 PM: Need to be back in the G 245 Classroom