1. ICTE Conference Hong Kong Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability Howard Middleton PhD Centre for Learning Research Queensland Australia

2. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Differences Between Technology Education And Other Areas Of The Curriculum content Creative problem solving as a learning process explicitly normative purpose

3. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Creative Problem-solving Different kinds of problems Requires creative approaches Central not peripheral

4. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Purpose Purpose in other areas of the curriculum to understand: “how things are” Purpose in Technology education to understand: “how things might be” Ie purpose is explicitly normative

5. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong The Emergence Of Sustainability In Education Generally “what to talk” (competing definitions) “talking the talk” (what Education Departments are saying) “walking the talk” (what is happening at the classroom level)

6. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong “What to talk” sustainability as environmental education sustainability as sustainable development education sustainability as sustainable growth education sustainability as encompassing the concept of social, economic, and environmental sustainability

7. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong ! “Talking the talk” All state governments have developed policies about education for sustainability. A sample from the Western Australian government policy includes the following recommendations: that the education systems and schools include education for sustainability as their primary purpose. that education for sustainability be mandatory in Western Australia. At the schools level, a continuation of, and greatly increased locally initiated educational responses to issues of biodiversity loss and unsustainable consumption.

8. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong “Walking the talk” Approaches to education for sustainability in schools The implementation of sustainability education at the primary school level appears to have been and still is, problematic sustainability education in the secondary school appear to be rather fragmented.

9. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Non formal approaches There are a variety of approaches, facilitate by electronic and web-based resources for interested people and schools. To these can be added resources such as the UNESCO funded material by Fien (2003), which provides well presented and appealing teaching materials for addressing sustainability. Project –based approaches These projects appear to be interesting and motivating for students, being ones where active involvement in tasks that appear authentic and meaningful. The question of coordination and coherence are still there, but the individual learning activities show some promise.

10. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong The Emergence Of Sustainability Within Technology Education Not seen initially as a key concern of TE teachers Some antagonistic 1994 KLA Technology provided the basis for sustainability as part of TE

11. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong At the National level National Technology Statement (1994) People need to make informed decisions about the sustainable development of technology and its impact on people and the environment…… (p3) Social and environmental changes in Australia make it imperative that people become more innovative, knowledgeable, skillful, adaptable and enterprising (p4) Through the technology learning area, students experience a variety of technologies that, among other things: Are ecologically desirable and sustainable (p6)

12. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong ! Queensland (State level) Appropriateness Students consider many perspectives before making judgments about the appropriateness of: Design ideas Processes and products The possible impacts of these on users or environment. In particular, they consider, and make judgments about, aesthetic, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, functional and social appropriateness. (Queensland Studies Authority, 2003, 2)

13. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong The school level The picture at the school level is more complicated. The data at this stage is patchy, scarce and much of it anecdotal. Local approaches That is, teachers had an understanding of the necessity of taking action about an issue that can be seen as one part of the overall issue of sustainability. However, the understanding is tacit, local, and grows out of reasoning based on practice.

14. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Research The findings of a more recent study conducted by my colleague Margarita Pavlova and I (Pavlova & Middleton, 2002) found views of teachers that were consonant with those of the story above. In the study, a number of heads of technology departments in High schools in Queensland in Australia and in Novgorod, St Petersburg and Petrozovodsk in Russia were interviewed about the more general issue of values. All were selected on the basis that they were regarded as progressive educators.

15. The questions sought teachers’ views about three aspects of values: values and technology education; teachers’ views about the relationship between values in technology education and effective teaching; and values in technology education and values in other subject areas. The findings revealed that both Russian and Australian teachers believed values were an important part of technology education and could be dealt with more effectively because of the meaningful context of technology education.

16. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Linking Creative Thinking, Problem-solving And Sustainability three aspects that provide a basis for such connections: the growing recognition of the need for a more holistic approach to sustainability The value of linking sustainability issues with design-based programs because of the meaningfulness of doing so for students. An explicit emphasis on creative problem-solving in designing solutions that contribute to making the world a better place can be a powerful rationale for a technology program

17. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Conclusions differences between contemporary learning in technology education and other areas of the curriculum emergence of education for sustainability, surveyed the small amount of research about this issue within technology education. Finally, I argued that there are important reasons to argue for the linking of education for sustainability with technology education.

18. Thinking, Problem-solving & Sustainability ICTE 2006 Hong Kong Questions?