1. LIVE FEED AKU3201 Principles of Aquaculture

2. Broodstock –> larvae -> fry -> fingerling -> juvenile Life cycle 2

3. Very small Extremely fragile Physiologically not fully developed  Small mouth  Still developing organ (i.e., eyes, chemoreceptors, digestive system) Larvae 3

4. Yolk sac for 3 weeks 4

5. Yolk sac for 3 days 5

6. 6

8. 8

9. 9

12. Phytoplankton/ Microalgae Zooplankton Invertebrate Nematode Natural/Live food 12

13. Live Food 13

14. Microalgae 2-20 mikrometer Phytoplankton 14

15. Skeletonema

16. Pheaodactylum

17. Chaetoceros calcitrans

18. Chlorella

19. Dunaliella tertiolecta

20. Tetraselmis

21. General features of micro algae used in aquaculture

24. 24

31. 31

32. High unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) 1)Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) 2)Arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) 3)Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) Nutritional value 32

33. Food for: Bivalves Penaeid shrimp Fish Rotifer, Artemia Microalgae 33

34. Problem: Crash of algal culture Solution: 34

35. Rotifer 50 – 200 mikrometer Zooplankton 35

36. Brachionus plicatilis Euryhaline: able to tolerate wide range of salinities Suitable for crustaceans & fish Rotifer 36

37. L- type = 119-241 mikron S- type = 93 – 179 mikron SS- type = 90 – 159 mikron

38. Small size & slow swimming velocity Suitable for fish that can’t ingest Artemia nauplii Possible to rear at high density Suitable for bioencapsulation/ enrichment Advantages 38

40. Brine shrimp (Artemia) 400m- 800 mikrometer 40

41. 41 ADULT NAUPLII

42. Nauplii of Artemia most widely used food item Artemia 42

43. Able to tolerate > 70 ppt & up to 250 ppt. Why? Able to produce dormant eggs (cyst) = Diapause 43

44. 44

45. Available in cysts Advantages? Place cyst in well-aerated seawater => hatch into nauplii after 24 hours Nauplii positive phototaxis 45

48. Artemia = filter feeder 48

49. 49

50. Problems in obtaining steady supply of adequate quantities at appropriate times Hard to ensure the quality & quantity of natural food Nutritive value vary according to culture conditions Contamination Problems with live food 50

51. Axenic Artemia Hydration – Put cyst with water & aerate for 1 h Decapsulation – Disinfect using NaOH and NaOCl Stop reaction – Add Na 2 S 2 O 3 and wash with H 2 O

52. Other food

53. Egg custard

54. Tubifex Worm Blood worm

55. Mysis blood worm

56. Polychaete