1. Module 2: Conceptual Design (Part 1) - Assessments and Analysis We would like to acknowledge the support of the Project Management Institute and the International Institute for Learning, Inc. for permitting the use of their intellectual property in this curriculum.

2. Module 2 Objectives By the end of this module you will be able to: Employ 3 stakeholder analysis tools Complete a problem analysis Develop an objectives tree Conduct an alternatives selection

3. Where do project ideas come from? Donors express their priority of addressing maternal child health in the Delta Region A local doctor suggests advocating for sewage connections to improve hygiene Mothers express displeasure with the mess and sickly conditions that result from lack of hygienic sanitation A fishing cooperative observed that fish stocks were high in a.nearby town with sanitation facilities Comparative Observations Donor Interest Experts and Consultants Stakeholder Need

4. Analysis Assessment Assessments vs. Analysis

5. Case Study – Delta River Municipality A recent assessment found that deterioration of water quality in the Delta River Municipality has resulted in depleted fish stocks; reduced catch and falling income among fishing families, and there is an increasingly high incidence of water borne diseases and illnesses, particularly among poor families and children under five. The current situation is the result of the discharge of fecal waste, household and business refuse, and inadequately treated wastewater in the river. Some of the numerous factors that contribute to the problem include: Low public awareness of the dangers of dumping household waste. Low access and use of sanitation facilities for the disposal of fecal waste. Furthermore, the Environment Protection Agency’s oversight over the local textile industry has been ineffective and sometimes corrupted. All these factors have led to high levels of fecal waste and household/business refuse in the river. As a result of low budgets and poor planning by local government even among businesses that treat their waste, treated wastewater does not meet environmental standards.

6. Activity: Analysis Tools Type of AnalysisIllustrative Tool

7. Partial List of Analysis Tools Type of AnalysisIllustrative Tool Stakeholder Analysis VENN Diagrams Stakeholder Analysis Matrix Organizational Capacity Analysis SWOT Analysis Spider Diagrams Prioritize Assessment Information Mindmapping Card Methodologies (VIPP) Investigate Cause and Effect Relationships Problem Trees Forcefield Analysis Identify Current State of Service Provision Gap Assessment Analysis Mapping Analyze Alternatives Organize and Classify Information

8. Level 1 – Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis Identifying & characterizing potential major stakeholders; assessing their capacity

9. Mapping Stakeholder Relationships Project Partners Beneficiaries Stakeholders Individuals or institutions that may – directly or indirectly, positively or negatively – affect or be affected by the project or program. Those who implement the projects (who are also stakeholders, and may be a target group.) Those who benefit in whatever way from the implementation of the project. Distinction may be made between target groups; final beneficiaries and indirect beneficiaries.

10. Venn Diagram - Stakeholders (From the perspective of fishing families)

11. Stakeholder Analysis Matrix Stakeholder and basic characteristics Interests and how affected by the problem Capacity and motivation to bring about change Possible actions to address stakeholder interests Fishing families 20,000 families, low income earners, small scale family businesses, organized into informal cooperatives, women actively involved in fish processing and marketing Maintain and improve the means of livelihood Pollution is affecting volume and quality of catch Family health is suffering, particularly children and mothers Keen interest in pollution control measures Limited political influence given weak organizational structure Support capacity to organize and lobby Implement pollution Identify develop alternative income sources Textile Industry Medium scale industrial operation, poorly regulated and no unions. Well connected with ruling party, poor environmental record Maintain/increase profits Some concern about public image Concern about costs of environmental regulations enforced Have financial and technical resources to employ new cleaner technologies Limited current motivation to change Raise their awareness of social and environmental impact Mobilize political pressure to influence industry behavior Strengthen and enforce environmental laws Households 45,000 households discharge waste and waste water into river also source drinking water and eat fish from river Aware of textile industry’s pollution and impact on water quality Want to dispose of own waste away from household Want access to clean water Limited understanding of the health impact of their own was/waste water disposal Appear willing to pay for improved waste management services Raise awareness of households of the implications of their own waste disposal practices Work with communities and government to address water and sanitation issues. Environmental Protection Agency: Etc. etc Etc

12. Level 2 - Problem Analysis Stakeholder Analysis Problem Analysis Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities; Determining cause & effect relationships Identifying & characterizi ng potential major stakeholder s; assessing their capacity

13. Developing a Problem Tree Step One: Brainstorm Problems either completely open (no preconceptions) or, more directed, by specifying a “known” high-level problem based on preliminary analysis Step Two: Select an Individual Starter Problem Step Three: Look for problems related to the starter problem Step 4: Establish a hierarchy of causes and effects Problems which are directly causing the starter problem – BELOW Problems which are direct effects of the starter problem – ABOVE Step 5: Connect the Problems with Cause-Effect Arrows

14. Problem Tree - Example

15. Level 3: Objectives Analysis Stakeholder Analysis Identifying & characterizi ng potential major stakeholder s; assessing their capacity Problem Analysis Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities ; determining cause & effect relationships Objectives Analysis Developing solutions from the identified problems; identifying means to end relationships

16. Developing an Objectives Tree Step One: Reformulate all negative situations of the problems analysis into positive situations that are: desirable realistically achievable Step Two: Check the means-ends relationships to ensure validity and completeness of the hierarchy Step Three: If necessary: revise statements add new objectives if relevant and necessary delete objectives which do not seem suitable or necessary

17. Objectives Tree

18. Level 4: Alternatives Analysis Stakeholder Analysis Identifying & characterizi ng potential major stakeholder s; assessing their capacity Problem Analysis Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities ; determining cause & effect relationships Alternatives Analysis Identifying different strategies to achieve solutions; selecting most appropriate strategy. Objectives Analysis Developing solutions from the identified problems; identifying means to end relationships

19. Selecting a Strategy

20. Alternatives Analysis