1. ACCOUNTING THEORY AND STANDARDS
Chapter - 1
ACCOUNTING THEORY AND STANDARDS
Dr. BALAMURUGAN MUTHURAMAN

2. A THEORY: DEFINITION
A theory: ‘a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of the phenomenon by specifying relationships among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomenon’
A theory includes propositions linking concepts in the form of hypotheses to be tested.

3. A THEORY: DEFINITION Elements of a theory include:
Concepts: the main units of a theory and it is devised to refer to identifiable characteristics or phenomena.
: The better the concept, the better the theory.
: A formation of concept starts from the idea or percept generating a concept designated by terms.

4. A THEORY: DEFINITION : Characterized by Elements of a theory include:
Propositions: Establish relation between the concepts of a theory.
: Designated by a sentence.
: Characterized by
1) The number and degree of predicates; and
2) The degree of generality.

5. A THEORY: DEFINITION Elements of a theory include:
Hypotheses: a proposition about a relationship whose truth or falsity is yet to be determined by an empirical test.
: Confirmation of a theory is the extent to which a hypothesis is capable of being shown to be empirically true, that is, of describing the real world accurately
: Falsification??

6. ACCOUNTING THEORY - MEANING

7. WHY ACCOUNTING THEORY IS IMPORTANT
Many individuals have to make decisions about external accounting reports.
Corporate managers
Public accountants
Officers of lending institutions
Investors and financial analysts
Individuals in accounting standard-setting bodies

8. STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY FORMAL APPROACH
RULES
PRINCIPLES
ASSUMPTIONS
Accounting theory provides a logical framework for accounting practice.

9. FUNCTIONS OF A THEORY
Descriptive function: using the constructs or concepts and their relationships so as to provide the best explanation of a given phenomenon and the forces underlying it.
Delimiting function: selecting the favorite set of events to be explained and assigning a meaning to the formulated abstractions of the descriptive stage.

10. FUNCTIONS OF A THEORY
Generative Function: the ability to generate testable hypotheses or to provide hunches, notions, and ideas from which hypotheses could be developed.
Integrative Function: the ability to present a coherent and consistent integration of the various concepts and relations of a theory.

11. ACCOUNTING THEORY: DEFINITION
Accounting theory: A set of broad principles that:
1) provides a general frame of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated; and
2) guides the development of new practices and procedures.

12. ACCOUNTING THEORY: DEFINITION
Accounting theory should explain and predict accounting phenomena.
The primary objective of accounting theory is to provide a basis for the prediction and explanation of accounting behaviour and events.
Accounting theory constitutes the frame of reference on which the development of accounting techniques is based.

13. ACCOUNTING THEORY: DEFINITION
Accounting theory should have Three elements:
1) Encoding of phenomena to symbolic representation;
2) Manipulation or combination according to rules; and
3) Translation back to real-world phenomena.

14. A ROLE OF ACCOUNTING THEORIES

15. GAAP
GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles): a guide to the accounting profession in the choice of accounting techniques and the preparation of financial statements in a way considered to be good accounting practice.

16. GAAP
Conditions under which an accounting method will be deemed as generally accepted:
The method will be in actual use;
The method would have support in the pronouncement of the professional accounting societies;
The method would have support in the writing of a number of respected accounting teachers and thinkers.

17. What are the differences between GAAP and accounting standards???

18. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Accounting standards consist of Three parts:
A description of the problem to be tackled.
A reasoned discussion or ways of solving the problems.
In line with discussion or theory, the prescribed solution.

19. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Reasons to establish standards are:
To ensure quality of financial information
To be guidelines and rules
To be database for a government
To generate interests in principles and theories.

20. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Who should set accounting standards?
Theories of regulation:
Public-interest theories
Interest-group or capture theories
The political ruling-elite theory of regulation
The economic theory of regulation

21. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The specific accounting principles and the methods of applying those principles that are judged by the management of the entity to be the most appropriate in the circumstances to present fairly financial position, changes in financial position, and results of operations in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.