1. Dietary needs

2. Dietary needs of manual workers  Carbohydrate: provides energy  Fat: is a concentrated source of energy, carbohydrate foods bulky and difficult to digest  Water: to replace water lost in perspiration  Salt (NaCl): to replace salt lost in perspiration  Iron: carry oxygen, oxidise glucose etc., helps produce energy  Vitamin C: helps the absorption of iron  Protein: replace worn out cells  Vitamin B: release energy from carbohydrates, fats, protein  Energy: dense snacks pastries, cakes, chocolate etc.  Increase energy intake: spread meals/snacks throughout day – etc.

3. Dietary needs of teenage girls  Protein: because of rapid growth / production of hormones  Calcium: bones / teeth  Vitamin D: absorption of calcium  Iron: blood loss during menstruation / anaemia  Vitamin C: absorption of iron  Carbohydrate / starch: for energy  Vitamin B / Thiamine / Riboflavine / Nicotinic acid: energy production from carbohydrates /protein / fats  Small amount of fat: concentrated source or energy

4. Nutritional needs of very active teenagers  More carbohydrate: high energy food because more energy needed  At least a third of energy from fat because it has higher calorific value and it is less bulky  More protein: growth spurt / body building –  More calcium/phosphorus: bones and teeth  More vitamin D: absorption of calcium  More water: to replace water lost in perspiration  More NaCl / sodium chloride / salt – to replace salt lost in perspiration  More vitamin B thiamin: to release energy from carbohydrate  More iron: carries oxygen for cell respiration / energy release  More vitamin C: absorption of iron

5. Nutritional needs of elderly women  Calcium and phosphorus: prevent osteoporosis / for strengthening bones  Less carbohydrate/reduced energy giving food: less active  Vitamin C: to resist infections/absorb iron  Less fat: difficult to digest or increase risk of CHD/obesity (as less active)  Less salt: hypertension  NSP: Prevent constipation

6. Dietary needs of pregnant women  Sufficient HBV protein: growth of foetus  Calcium and/or phosphorus: building bones/teeth  Vitamin D: to absorb calcium  Iron: for baby’s first six months / prevent anaemia in mother  Vitamin C: to absorb iron  Vitamin B: for release of energy  Vitamin A: for baby’s eyesight  NSP: prevent constipation  Reduced fat: difficult to digest  Reduced sugar: less active so less energy used  Folate/folic acid: prevent neural tube defects/spina bifida

7. Special nutritional needs of young children (1 to 10 years)  Protein: growth  Calcium: bones/teeth  Vitamin D: to absorb calcium  Iron: formation of red blood cells  Vitamin C: absorption of iron  Fluoride: teeth  Starch: energy  Some fat: concentrated source of energy / less bulky  Avoid sugar: tooth decay

8. Nutritional requirements of elderly  Fewer carbohydrate foods: less active  Protein needed: repair worn out cells  Iron: to prevent anaemia  Vitamin C: to absorb iron  Calcium / phosphorus: maintain bones / teeth, blood clotting, muscle function  Vitamin D: to absorb calcium  Reduce fat: reduce risk of obesity / CHD  Reduce sugar: link to diabetes  Reduce salt: risk of hypertension / high blood pressure

9. Meals for convalescents and those recovering from surgery  Follow doctor’s advice: may need to avoid certain foods etc.  Protein repairing/body: building  Low-fat diet: difficult to digest fat  Low energy: not as active  Iron: to replace blood lost  Vitamin C: to absorb iron  Calcium: after fractures repair damaged bone  Vitamin D: to absorb calcium  Small, frequent meals: easier to digest/breaks monotony