2. Biomechanical Frame of Reference

3. Biomechanical frame of reference
Introduction:
Most frequently in practice
Among the top five frame
Applied the principle of physics to human movement
Restoring functional skill & continuing with modifying task or the environment
Biomechanical frame of reference

4. Biomechanical frame of reference
Focus:
Musculoskeletal capacities
How the body is designed
Applied to persons who experience limitations
Biomechanical frame of reference

5. Biomechanical frame of reference
Theory:
Kinetic & kinematic principles
Anatomy of musculoskeletal system
Physiology of bone, connective tissue…
Capacity for functional motion is based:
Potential for motion at the joints
Muscle strength
Endurance
Biomechanical frame of reference

6. Biomechanical frame of reference
Theory (continue)
Joint range of motion
Muscles cross one ore more joints
Performance
The ability to sustain muscle activity
Movement produced during occupational performance
Capacity of movement
Biomechanical frame of reference

7. Biomechanical frame of reference
Function & dysfunction
Problems exist when a Restriction of joint motion, strength & endurance interferes with everyday occupations
Joint ROM may be limited by:
joint damage
Edema
Pain
skin tightness
muscle spasticity
muscle & tendon shortening
Biomechanical frame of reference

8. Biomechanical frame of reference
Function & dysfunction(continue)
Muscle weakness can occur as a result of:
Disuse
Disease affecting muscle physiology
Diseases & trauma of LMN, Spinal cord, or peripheral nerves which can result in de-innervaton of muscles
Biomechanical frame of reference

9. Biomechanical frame of reference
Function & dysfunction(continue)
Endurance can be reduced by:
Extended confinement or limitation of activity
Pathology of cardiovascular or respiratory systems
Muscular diseases
Biomechanical frame of reference

10. Biomechanical frame of reference
Function & dysfunction(continue)
It is common for sensory loss and loss of motion to co-occur because tactile sensations or touch are often affected bye the same diseases or traumas that affect muscle
Pain can be chronically or periodically present in association with disease or trauma that affects the musculoskeletal system
Biomechanical frame of reference

11. Biomechanical frame of reference
Change & motivation:
1.Maintaining or preventing limitation in ROM may be accomplished through three methods:
Compression
Positioning through therapist handling
Movement through the full ROM
Biomechanical frame of reference

12. Biomechanical frame of reference
Change & motivation:
2.Increasing ROM:
Passive stretching
Active stretching
PNF techniques
Biomechanical frame of reference

13. Biomechanical frame of reference
Change & motivation:
3.Strength may be increased through three methods:
Exercise that stresses muscles to the point of fatigue
Other daily occupations(walking or running…)
Either type of strengthening program
Biomechanical frame of reference

14. Biomechanical frame of reference
Change & motivation:
4.Endurance may be increased through the four methods:
Light resistive exercise
Grading & gradually increasing time
Grading of cardiovascular aspect of activities
Use of interest sustaining task
Biomechanical frame of reference

15. Biomechanical frame of reference
Change & motivation:
5.Incorporating PAMs through four methods:
Superficial heat agent
Superficial cold agent
Therapeutic ultrasound
electrotherapy
Biomechanical frame of reference

16. Biomechanical frame of reference
EVALUATION:
ROM
Strength
Endurance
Pain
Biomechanical frame of reference

17. Biomechanical frame of reference
Biomechanical intervention:
Intervention focus on intersection of motion & occupational performance and can be divided into three approach:
Prevention of contracture and maintenance of existing capacity for motion
Restoration by improving diminished capacity for motion
Compensation for limited motion
Biomechanical frame of reference

18. Biomechanical frame of reference
Practice resources:
ROM is usually measured with a goniameter
Strength is normally tested by MMT
Endurance is usually measured by determining duration or number of repetitions before fatigue occurs
Methods of intervention address not only targeted limitations of motion, strength, and endurance
Biomechanical frame of reference

19. Biomechanical frame of reference
Practice resources(continue)
Strength is developed by increasing stress on muscle through:
amount of resistance offered t the movement
Duration of resistance required
Rate of an exercise session
Frequency of sessions
Biomechanical frame of reference

20. Biomechanical frame of reference
Practice resources(continue)
Occupations:
Provide natural & motivating circumstance
Employ attention
Provide conditioning that more nearly replicates normal demands
Biomechanical frame of reference

21. Biomechanical frame of reference
Practice resources(continue)
Attention to functional purpose of a task is important
Activity may be modified to:
Reduce or alter task demands
Match permanently reduced musculoskeletal capacity
Intensify task demands
Ways to modify an activity include:
Positioning the task
Adding weights or other devices
Modifying tools
Change material or size of objects used
Change method(s) of accomplishing task
Biomechanical frame of reference

22. Biomechanical frame of reference
Case study:
Bonnie, a 56-year-old
Biomechanical frame of reference

23. Biomechanical frame of reference
Article
Application of pressure: A principle in the biomechanical frame of reference
Biomechanical approach to quantifying anticipatory postural adjustments in the elderly
Biomechanical frame of reference

24. Biomechanical frame of reference
Term of biomechanical
Active range of motion
Biomechanical activity analysis
Body mechanics
Compensatory treatment
Elasticity
Endurance
Functional motion
Join range of motion
Kinematics
Manual muscle testing
Orthosis
Passive range of motion
Physical reconditioning
Prosthesis
Strength
Tendon
Work hardening
Biomechanical frame of reference

25. Biomechanical frame of referencehj
Biomechanical frame of reference

26. Biomechanical frame of reference
Shirin maleki
Nahid fathi
Susan shokry
Faeze alvandi
Biomechanical frame of reference