1. By: Alena Latysheva History 121 Mr. Noel December 2015

2. Impressment and capture of American crew overseas by the British Royal Navy, especially of the USS Chesapeake in June of 1807 Seizing of American ships and cargo overseas Finding of British equipment on fields after Indian raids Northwest and lower Ohio River Valley British blockade on American shipping War hawks’ desire for expansion in Canada and Spanish Florida http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.u s/tucker/strusky_m/webquests /VUS6_MadisonMonroe/causes 1812.html

3. Wanted to secure Louisiana - would allow for control of Mississippi - major shipping and trading ports Could dictate peace negotiations - Treaty of Ghent not ratified by U.S. Senate yet Could end up with control over western states Secure property and produce valued over 14 million dollars http://www.americancruiselin es.com/cruises/mississippi- river-cruises/st-louis-new- orleans-cruise

4. Defend New Orleans from British - loss could mean no shipping rights and lost control of Mississippi River - make hardships for expansion - will have a threatening colony in the U.S.- not republic - chances of support of British toward slaves/Indians To Bring the Nation Together Prove America’s strength to the British To revive from previous losses in the war

5. Strong leadership under Andrew Jackson Jean Lafitte’s privateers volunteering in exchange for release - also provided flint, gunpowder, and well-trained gun crews Better knowledge of surroundings- home territory Had more rifle power Help from natives to the territory and families Accustomed to night attacks better Courageous and brave- filled with plenty of resentment to cause to act http://www.historiaobscur a.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/03/b uccaneer.jpg

6. American forces: General Andrew Jackson, had experience in the Seminole and the Revolutionary War, had led Tennessee militia in 1802, nicknamed “Old Hickory” for his toughness British forces: General Edward Pakenham, praised after performance in Salamanca in the Napoleonic War, became general after General Ross’s death in Battle of New Orleans, vowed he would try for success no matter the circumstances http://ahsmediacenter.pb works.com/w/page/156861 8/General%20Andrew%2 0Jackson http://www.reformation. org/bicentennial-of- battle-of-new- orleans.html

7. Kentucky and Tennessee Riflemen/ Indian fighters Mississippians Privateers under Jean Lafitte – well-trained gun crews Free Black men, slaves, and white men from Louisiana- helped in maintaining order, protecting property, building defenses, fortifying military positions Women- made clothing, flags, bandages, nursed wounded http://history1800s.abo ut.com/od/War-of- 1812/fl/Battle-of-New- Orleans.htm

8. January 8, 1815 – around 7:30 am- foggy morning Jackson- around 3,500-5,000 troops Pakenham- more than 7,500 troops General Pakenham’s Plans- -attack Jackson’s main line on east bank of Miss. River - secondary assault on west bank of Miss. River on Commander Patterson’s American troops by Colonel Thornton(British)

9. Only one third of Colonel Thornton’s troops arrived on east bank -fallen river, swift current, long delay - was meant to relieve Pakenham’s troops from cross fire on east bank On East Bank- Jackson’s troops protected by swamps on the left and Mississippi River on the right - Openfire started after shooting of British rocket - easily repulsed black troops from left side - to the right, solid- columned troops under Colonel Rennie- driven back in confusion after his death

10. Main Attack on the Plains - Americans had ditches 400 yards in front. - British advance in close columns= easy target by Tennessee and Kentucky riflemen Pakenham follow-up charge on Jackson’s main line - cannon balls and musket fire vibrated ground - Pakenham rode on horse= easy/distinguishable target - Pakenham killed, followed by General Samuel Gibbs - cause of British troops’ panic and fall back again

11. British cheers from west bank- signaled defeat of Commander Patterson’s troops Musket fire had already ceased. British effort to capture Louisiana is over in an hour. Number of lives lost: - Americans – around 8 - British- around 2,000

12. www.renegadebs.co m/2015/01/battle-of- new-orleans- centennial.html

13. Had used time wisely by building ditches and earthworks while British waited for reinforcements Location- swamps, lakes, Mississippi River provided good protection Strong rifle and cannon power Natural fog and shallow rivers made it harder for British Good leadership, brave soldiers- fighting for common cause Not much use of column formation- easy target http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=im ages&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj- 4tO78bjJAhVI6yYKHWpAB8EQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Feducatio n.nationalgeographic.org%2Fmedia%2Fbattle-new- orleans%2F&psig=AFQjCNESVFj7VdDq-0PnxrQCL- AYFgGgpw&ust=1448998235799099

14. Secured Louisiana and Mississippi River from the hands of the British Brought about the spirit of nationalism Brought different groups of people together for a common cause Showed America’s will to not back down, not even to the world’s greatest power Threat to republic mainly gone

15. Less chance of British help in Indian raids and slave retaliations 1 st African Americans allowed to be military officers- Louisiana Louisiana- 1 st state to authorize a black volunteer militia Helped Jackson win Presidential election in 1828 due to good reputation from the battle- gave rise to era of the “Common Man”

16. “The Battle of New Orleans.” Louisiana: Pick Your Passion. www.crt.state.la.us. Accessed November29,2015. http://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online- exhibits/the-cabildo/the-battle-of-new-orleans/ http://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online- exhibits/the-cabildo/the-battle-of-new-orleans/ BattleofNewOrleans.org. BattleofNewOrleans.org. Accessed November 30, 2015. http://battleofnewolreans.org/.http://battleofnewolreans.org/ “The Battle of New Orleans Quiz.” Vermilion Parish Schools. Vermilion Parish Schools. Accessed November 29, 2015. http://www.vrml.k12.la.us/louisiana/grades/8th/unit6/Act_5/Bat_new orleans/battle_neworleans.htm “The Battle of New Orleans.” Western and Central New York (WCNY). www.wcny.org. Accessed November 29, 2015. http://www.wcny.org/education/war-of-1812/the-battle-of- http://www.wcny.org/education/war-of-1812/the-battle-of- new-orleans-treaty-of-ghent/

17. Cable, George. “The Battle of New Orleans.” Anthology of Louisiana Literature. www2.latech.edu. Accessed November 29, 2015. http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/louisiana_anthology/texts/cble/ cable--battle_of_new_orleans.html. a “The War of 1812.” U.S. Army Center of Military Research. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Accessed November 29, 2015. http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh-v1/ch06.htm.http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh-v1/ch06.htm “War of 1812 and the Battle of New Orleans.” America’s Story from America’s Library. The Library of Congress. Accessed November 29, 2015. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/jackson/aa_jackson_icon_1.html “Winter 1815: Americans win a stunning victory at the Battle of New Orleans,” National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed November 29, 2015, http://www.nps.gov/articles/battle-of-new-orleans.htm.http://www.nps.gov/articles/battle-of-new-orleans.htm