1. Intergovernmental Relationships PIA 2528

2. Intergovernmental Relationships The Nature of Relationships

3. Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations  AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility  Definition of Power:  The authoritative allocation of values

4. TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER- ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS Confederation and loose con- federal relationships

5. Confederation Relationships Power lies with the sub-units  U.S. Articles of Confederation  European Union  Southern African Development Council  Economic Council of West African States  ASEAN  Mercursor

6. Federal Systems In Federal Relationship Some power lies with the National Unit Some power lies with lower units

7. Federal Systems Key Distinction:  1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit  2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units

8. Federal Relationships Examples:  Canada  Germany - Federal Republic  Nigeria  India  Russian Federation  Austria  Switzerland  USA

9. Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units 1. All power ultimately lies at the national level 2. What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level 3. The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

10. Unitary Systems- Examples  United Kingdom  France  Kenya  Japan  South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-Federal)  Bolivia  China?  Palestine?

11. Subsidiarity  Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible.  It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries is insufficient.  Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform

12. Subsidiarity: Summary  Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government  Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it  Alternative Social Service Delivery Systems

13. Models of Subsidiarity  Devolution: Federal or Unitary  Deconcentration  Delegation  Privatization  Program and Project Deconcentration

14. Federalism Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments

15. Devolution  Transfer to a non-Federal political body e.g.Budget and personal authority to district and town councils Key- power lies with lower level politicians

16. Deconcentration: Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system

17. Deconcentration  Functional vs. Prefectoral  Prefectoral integrated  Prefectoral unintegrated

18. Control Systems Home AffairsLocal Govt. Council Labor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office Functional

19. Control Systems InteriorLocal Govt.Public WorksAgricultureEducationLabor Council/Chief Prefectoral - Integrated District Office District Labor Office District Ed. Office District Ag. Office Public Works Office

20. Control Systems Local Govt. Council/ Chief Prefectoral - Unintegrated Police InteriorLabor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office District Office

21. Discussion Discussion One: What is unique about each part of the world as seen from our authors? Discussion Two: Limited Government- What is it? Discussion Three: Command Economy?

22. Discussion  Isabel Allende, “Clarisa,”  Case Study: The Peddler  Dr. Veraswami (Burmese Days):  "Why is it you are always abusing the pukka sahibs as you call them. They are the salt of the earth. Consider the great administrators who have made British India what it is.”  Case Study: Burma

23. Discussion  “Balkan Ghosts”  Compare with Africa and the Middle East Readings

24. Delegation  Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals  Eg. AMTRAK

25. Privatization  Transfer function out of government sector

26. Program and Project Decentralization: 1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a Ministry E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green Revolution) Agricultural experiments

27. Program and Project Decentralization: 2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to central level special unit E.g.Water, health or education projects to subordinate administrative or structures (Education Service) PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses

28. Program and Project Decentralization:  3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units Planning supervision Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning

29. Program and Project Decentralization: 4.Creation of field level Special Project Units with semi- autonomous status ( Special designated geographical areas)

30. Program and Project Decentralization: Project Decent. E.g. A Range management project; or Integrated Rural Development - Most well known type of special project  Multitude of project activity in different sectors that may overlap or compliment.

31. DISSCUSSION ISSUES AND CONCERNS Democracy: Writers and Themes

32. Case Studies: The Institutional Legacy 1. Africa: Dark Continent and Europe: Lord Hailey 2.Eastern Europe: Balkan Ghosts 3.Asia: The Peddler 4. Latin America: Iberian Heritage (or US) “Clarisa” 5.Middle East: Ottoman Legacy vs. Europe- Fisk

33. Regional Discussion: Review 1. Democracy 1. Governance 2. Local Government 3. Civil Society 4. Institutional State

34. Oral Interview Questions 1. What major historical factors have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society according to our "general reading." 2. What historical factors are unique and different for Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America? 3.To what extent is history important at the "country" level? Be able to discuss at least one country in your region.