1. THE VIETNAM WAR ERA, 1963-1975 CHAPTER 30

2. Main Points and Topics  The Road to Vietnam  Social Dimensions & Consequences  The Unraveling of the War  President Nixon  Cultural Politics & Environmentalism  The End of Liberalism and the Rise of Conservatism

3. The Vietnam War 1950-1975  The Cold War  Containment  Truman Doctrine  Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory”  Vietnam was the first domino  Stop communism in S.E. Asia

5. Significance of the War  Over $200 billion spent ($1.5 trillion)  60,000 U.S. dead  3 million dead in Indo-China  Destroyed presidency of LBJ  Destroyed Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia  Ruined U.S. credibility  Ruined trust of U.S. public

6. Historical Background  Foreign occupation  Chinese  French colonialism  Ho Chi Minh  Dien Bien Phu, 1954  Peasant Warfare  French expelled

7. U.S. Involvement  Rejected Ho-Chi Minh  $2 billion to French  Geneva Conventions  Temporary division  Democratic Elections  U.S. rejected  Permanent division  Nation building  Ngo Din Diem “Ziem”  Ruled 1955-63

8. Growing Civil War  U.S. supported anti-communist, catholic, pro-western elitist Diem  10%-15% support for Diem  No free speech, reform  Radicalized Vietnamese and pushed people to support Ho Chi Minh  Rebellion in south, military power of Ho in north

9. False Divisions “North” “South”  North Vietnamese Army (NVA)  Reunification  Expel foreign powers  “Viet-Cong”  Repopulation of military forces  US propped up Diem  Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)  CIA and counter- insurgency  Napalm, defoliants  National Liberation Front (NLF)  Support for Ho Chi Minh

10. A Wider War, 1963-1968  Diem Assassinated  Chaos in Saigon  Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964  Da Nang, 1965  ROLLING THUNDER  100,000 troops  Gen. William Westmoreland

11. Goals of the War  Robert S. McNamara (DOD)  Limit war to Vietnam  Stop Vietcong  Prop up Saigon (south)  Separate civilians from combatants  Convince south of U.S. goals

12. Reactions to the War  Anti-War Movement  Free Speech Movement  Buddhist Monks  Forced southern civilians to support NLF and HO

13. Buddhist Monk Self-Immolation, 1963

16. Pentagon Rationale  70% to avoid a humiliating defeat, especially to our reputation and credibility as a guarantor(of security)  20% to keep SVN and area out of Chinese hands  10% to permit the people of SVN to enjoy better life  Department of Defense Report, 1965

17. An Impossible War….  1965 - 1968 escalated troops to 550,000  Search & destroy missions  Carpet Bombing  Body count  VC initiated 90% of firefights  “Destroy the village to save it”  Strategic Hamlets

18. Continued… The U.S. Vietnamese  Largest military in world history  Herbicides & defoliants  Agent Orange  100 million pounds onto 6 million acres  Napalm  $2 bill per month  1967, 97,000 worked daily to repair roads, bridges  500,000 workers  300,000 fighting age  30,000 miles of tunnel  VC initiated battles  Integrated into civilian population  Total war

19. Tet Offensive  January 31, 1968  NVN launch massive attack on all provinces and Cities  Nearly 100,000 NVA/NLF  Entered American Embassy  Massive Attack that stunned America  Caused LBJ to de-escalate and refused to run for election

20. My Lai Massacre, 1968  Lt. William Calley, platoon of soldiers  “Clearing out” a small village  Killed over 300 Vietnamese civilians  U.S. helicopter forced them to stop, evacuated the Vietnamese survivors  U.S. government cover-up  Shocked America, helped anti-war movement

22. Reactions to the War  Chicago, 1968  Kent State, 1970  Draft Resistance  Canada  Conscientious Objector

23. Anti-War Movement  “Teach-Ins”  Occupations  Chicano War Moratorium  Vietnam Veterans Against the War  CALCAV: Clergy and Laity Concerned about Vietnam

24. Vietnam Veterans Against the War

25. More Protests….

26. Chicago, 1970

27. Pentagon Protest, 1971

28. Nixon’s “Secret Plan”  Vietnam killed LBJ’s presidency and Great Society  Nixon won election with a “Secret Plan” to end the war  “Vietnamization”  Phoenix Program

29. Nixon’s Vietnam  Cambodia/Laos (1969-79)  Invaded Laos and Cambodia  Hope to find Ho Chi Minh Trail & VC HQ  Carpet bombings  Violated national sovereignty and neutrality  Breakfast, Lunch, Snack  More bombs than all of World War Two  Lied to American public  Secret and unauthorized by Congress

30. End of War  Peace Treaty in 1973  Last Americans out of Embassy in 1975  Kissinger won a Nobel Peace Prize  Vietnamese counterpart refused

31. Significance of the War  Cost more than $200 billion  Ruined the Great Society  60,000 dead  Over 600,000 wounded  3 million served  Agent Orange, PTSD, addictions, ruined families  Ruined U.S. foreign policy  Cynicism of American politicians  Corruption in government

32. Significance of the War  For Southeast Asia  Ruined Vietnamese economy and culture for 20 years or more  Agent Orange and chemicals destroyed crops and polluted environment  Extreme Communism and dictatorship  Persecution of Catholic and French Vietnamese

33. Continued… (DOD)  3 million dead in Southeast Asia  Cambodia, Laos, China, U.S.S.R  NLF/NVA nearly 500,000 dead  9,000 out of 15,000 hamlets destroyed  25 million acres of farmland destroyed  12 million acres of forest ruined  900,000 orphans  181,000 disabled persons  Vietnamese “boat people” and 1.5 million who fled the country…to the US

34. Shifting Political and Cultural Trends  Civil Rights Movements & Power Movements  Vietnam Anti-War Protests  Free Speech Movements  End of the “American Consensus” & decline of “conformity”  Doubts about traditions & institutions of home, family, church, school, government, etc  Political, social, cultural diversity  “Who is an American?”  Pluralism & growing multi-culturalism

35. Watergate  Watergate Hotel, DC  1972 Campaign  CREEP  Dirty Tricks  Special Investigation  Perjury & blackmail  1974 Impeached  Resigned in August

36. The End of an Economic Era  Employment and wages stagnated  Prices and interest rates increased  Vietnam war spending and no new taxes, deeper into debt  Interest rates hit 21%  Inflation hit 18% by 1980  Average wages dropped by 14%  Poverty hit 15%

37. De-industrialization & Urban Blight

38. Domestic and Global Changes  Rise of Japan and Germany  U.S. imports passed exports  Deindustrialization  Eastern factories closed  Moved south, southwest  Mexico and Maquiladoras  Union jobs declined  Layoffs, firings, etc

39. Maquiladoras

40. Oil Embargo  Oil Producing and Exporting Countries  Saudi Arabia and others refused to sell oil to U.S. due to its policies in Middle East  Economic disaster, gas lines, riots  Illustrated short-sighted policy based on non- renewable energy controlled by foreign countries

41. Fuel Shortages

42. Environmentalism  Cold War  Pollution  Oil Dependency  Sierra Club  National Environmental Protection Agency  Love Canal  Earth Day

43. President Carter  Jimmy Carter (D)  GA gov, supported CRM  Religious, Naval Academy, engineer, veteran  Economic conservative  Support for human rights replaced mindless anti- communism  Latin American countries

44. Carter and the Environment  Attacked Oil Crisis  Reduce dependency  Increase conservation  Department of Energy  Alaska  3-Mile Island, PA

45. Discussion on the Women’s Movement  What/who is a feminist?  Choose one document from the reader  Summarize its main points  How does that document reflect a “feminist” ideal, idea, goal, objective, sentiment?  What do you think about it?

46. Checklist 1. Male/Female 2. Do you have a mother, sister, daughter, grand- daughter, wife/girlfriend? 3. Should receive equal pay to men? 4. Should have equal access to college? 5. Should men and women share childrearing responsibilities? 6. Does popular media portrays women as sexual objects?

47. 7. Should women be able to control their own bodies, especially when and with whom they have sexual relations? 8. Are smart enough to succeed in math, science, politics, and engineering? 9. Is women’s basketball is as important as men’s? 10. Can have professional careers AND families? 11. Do women have a right to feel safe at home and in public? 12. Do the traditions of some cultures oppress women?

48. Women’s Liberation  Women’s rights  Personal and political  Education, family, employment  NOW  Planned Parenthood  2-person family incomes  Affirmative Action

49. Equal Treatment for Women  Title IX of Educational Amendments (1972) and women in college sports  Roe v. Wade (1973)  7-2 vote  Constitutional right to privacy  Women in politics  Liberation  Ms. Magazine

50. Conclusions  Cold War and Vietnam  Massive Debt, cynicism towards government  End of “American Consensus”  From Civil Rights to Power to Cultural Politics  Cultural Pluralism and Social Diversity  Economic problems  Turning Point in US History