1. The Art of Persuasive Writing Yardley, Barbara, and Nancy Perdomo. “Finding Solutions to Food Waste: Persuasion in a Digital World.” ReadWriteThink. IRA, NCTE, and Verizon ThinkFinity, 2014. Web. 25 March 2014.

2. There are 7 forms of persuasive writing

3. Forms of Persuasive Writing 1. Advertisements try to convince you to do or buy something.

4. 2. Editorials about current issues appear in newspapers and magazines, or on television, radio, and the internet. http://topmagazines.wordpress.com/2011/06/29/recommended-magazines-for-people-who-can%E2%80%99t-get-enough/ Forms of Persuasive Writing

5. 3. Persuasive speeches try to convince an audience to take action Forms of Persuasive Writing

6. 4. Propaganda is often about political issues, and usually includes emotionally charged appeals. http://www.zazzle.com/change_we_can_believe_in_poster-228719897857931246 http://www.zazzle.com/miss_me_yet_george_bush_billboard_postcard-239692539098456593http://www.zazzle.com/change_we_can_believe_in_poster-228719897857931246http://www.zazzle.com/miss_me_yet_george_bush_billboard_postcard-239692539098456593 Forms of Persuasive Writing

7. 5. Reviews evaluate items like books or movies and state an opinion as to whether the product is worth the reader’s time and money. http://www.imdb.com/movies-in-theaters/ Forms of Persuasive Writing

8. http://www.ted.com/talks/marcel_dicke_why_not_eat_insects.html Forms of Persuasive Writing 6. Blogs provide commentary on a particular topic, often combining text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Blogs also allow readers to respond.

9. 7. Persuasive essays use logic, reason, and emotion to convince readers to join the writer in a certain point of view. http://www.essay.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/how-to-write-essay.jpg Forms of Persuasive Writing

10. Producing Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing convinces readers to agree with the writer’s opinion.

11. 1. The hook captures the reader’s attention 2. The thesis states the writer’s belief about the topic and previews the arguments to follow. 3. The supporting arguments (means of persuasion -- logos, pathos, ethos) convince the reader that the thesis is correct 4. Optional counter arguments anticipate and respond to reader concerns and objections 5. The conclusion restates the thesis and offers commentary. Components of a persuasive writing product.

12. Hook: Grab the reader’s attention Anecdote (focuses on a character) I walked proudly through the hallways of AMS, my new blue mohawk glistening magnificently in the flourescent lighting of the hallway, but then I saw Mr. Caruthers. I felt the wax in my hair start to melt. Question Do schools have the right to tell kids how to dress? Hyperbole For the past 300 years in this country, schools have been crushing the artistic freedom of students with oppressive dress codes! Setting (focuses on a place) At Centerville Middle School, a controversy is brewing. Walk down the hallways, and amidst a tranquil sea of khaki pants and navy blue polo shirts, the blades of a blue mohawk cut through the peaceful learning environment. Alliterative Phrase Timeless. Tasteful. Tried and true. The traditional school uniform is the foundation of a true learning environment. Quotation When asked if I want a dress code, I always say “Give me liberty or give me death.”

13. Thesis: Belief statement and forecast  A thesis statement includes your belief statement about your topic. The belief statement covers your assertion (claim) about the topic.  A thesis statement usually includes a forecast, or brief preview of your arguments. (I believe) ____________________ because of argument 1, argument 2, and argument 3.

14. Which of the following is a good thesis statement?  I believe we must stop wasting food now!  The problem of food waste can easily be solved by implementing three simple steps: reduce, reuse, recycle.  If you aren’t reducing, reusing, and recycling, you should.  I believe wasting food is a huge problem. We need to reduce our food waste. For example, make a shopping list before you go to the store, and only buy things you truly need. You shouldn’t buy a gallon of milk if you are only going to drink a quart of it during the week. Who cares if the gallon size is on sale?

15. Supporting arguments can use three means of persuasion 1. Logical Appeal (Logos) 2. Ethical Appeal (Ethos) 3. Emotional Appeal (Pathos)

16. Means of Persuasion 1. Logical appeal or Logos—an appeal to logic or reason Often contains expert testimony Often contains statistical information Relies on a reasoning strategy: inductive or deductive reasoning

17. Deductive Reasoning  Begins with a generalization and then applies it to a specific case.  The generalization you start with must have been based on a sufficient amount of reliable evidence.  Example: “Genetically modified seeds have caused poverty, hunger, and a decline in bio- diversity everywhere they have been introduced, so there is no reason the same thing will not occur when genetically modified corn seeds are introduced in Mexico.”

18. Inductive Reasoning  Takes a specific representative case or facts and then draws generalizations or conclusions from them.  Inductive reasoning must be based on a sufficient amount of reliable evidence.  In other words, the facts you draw on must fairly represent the larger situation or population.  Example: “Fair trade agreements have raised the quality of life for coffee producers, so fair trade agreements could be used to help other farmers as well.”

19. Logical Fallacies  Logical fallacy = “bad argument”  You want to avoid making a logical fallacy in your persuasive writing.  Logical fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument.  Also, watch out for these slips in other people's arguments.

20. Logical Fallacies (Bad Arguments)  Slippery slope: This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur A must not be allowed to occur either.  Hasty Generalization: This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.  Post hoc ergo propter hoc: This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.'

21. Logical Fallacies (Bad Arguments)  Genetic Fallacy: A conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example: The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.  Begging the Claim: The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example: Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.  Circular Argument: This restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Example: George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.  Either/or: This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices. Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

22. Logical Fallacies (Bad Arguments)  Ad hominem: This is an attack on the character of a person rather than their opinions or arguments. Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.  Ad populum: This is an emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand. Example: If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.  Red Herring: This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them. Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?

23. 2. Ethical appeal or Ethos: convincing the reader to do what you say because you are a knowledgeable, credible speaker Use only credible, reliable sources to build your argument and cite those sources properly. Respect the reader by stating the opposing position accurately. Establish common ground with your audience. Most of the time, this can be done by acknowledging values and beliefs shared by those on both sides of the argument. Disclose why you are interested in this topic or what personal experiences you have had with the topic. Organize your argument in a logical, easy to follow manner. Proofread the argument. Too many careless grammar mistakes cast doubt on your character as a writer. Means of Persuasion

24. 3. Emotional appeal, or Pathos: an appeal to the audience's needs, values, and emotional sensibilities.

25. Not all emotional arguments are sad! http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1912454,00.htm

26. Using an emotional appeal  Emotional appeals can use sources such as interviews and individual stories to paint a more legitimate and moving picture of reality or illuminate the truth.  For example, telling the story of a single child who has been abused may make for a more persuasive argument than simply the number of children abused each year because it would give a human face to the numbers.  Only use an emotional appeal if it truly supports the claim you are making, not as a way to distract from the real issues of debate.  An argument should never use emotion to misrepresent the topic or frighten people.

27. Counter-arguments anticipate and address reader objections Oil companies should not be allowed to drill for oil in Alaska. Schools should make overweight students eat diet meals for school lunch. http://factbank.blogspot.com/2012/05/alaska-facts.htmlhttp://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/Overweight-in-Children_UCM_304054_Article.jsp

28. Conclusion: Restate the thesis and add commentary But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/16/i-have-a-dream-speech-text-martin-luther-king-jr_n_1207734.html Thesis Conclusion

29. Audience and Author’s Purpose  Always remember the interaction between the writer and the reader.  The reader (audience) determines which argument and writing product is used.  The writer is trying to persuade a reader who may be enthusiastic or resistant or simply disinterested.  Persuasive writing must be well organized. A sloppy argument is NOT convincing.  It must also hook the reader.  It must keep the reader engaged with creative and authentic word choice.

30. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Situation  The rhetorical situation is the relationship between the speaker, audience, and topic.  The philosopher Aristotle said that each component of the rhetorical situation (speaker, audience, topic) is naturally aligned with one of the means of persuasion (ethos, pathos, logos).  The means of persuasion that you use depends on the goal of your persuasive writing but also on what you are emphasizing in your writing.

31. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Situation ETHOS: Credibility*Trust LOGOS: Consistency*Logic PATHOS: Emotions*Imagination Speaker AudienceTopic ETHOS: Focuses attention on the writer’s or speaker’s trustworthiness LOGOS: Focuses attention on the message. PATHOS: Focuses attention on the values and beliefs of the intended audience.

32. Therefore…  Considering all three aspects (the rhetorical situation) determines the purpose of your writing product

33. When writing, MAKE SURE  You have a thesis (belief statement and forecast)  You ANSWER THE PROMPT  You MAKE AN ARGUMENT  You have a concluding statement If you don’t do this, you haven’t completed a persuasive writing piece!