1. Warm Up… Discussion Does the shape of an object have an effect on its density? Why? Does the shape of an object have an effect on its density? Why? Does the size of an object have an effect on its density? Why? Does the size of an object have an effect on its density? Why? What two things can you tell me about these objects? What two things can you tell me about these objects? Densities :.978 g/ml.978 g/ml 1.7 cm 3

2. Atmosphere Atmosphere IWBAT… IWBAT… Define atmosphere Define atmosphere Explain its composition Explain its composition List the 5 main layers and their characteristics List the 5 main layers and their characteristics

3. Meteorology The study of the atmosphere…

4. Systems Open / Closed Open System – Energy and matter can enter and exit. Open System – Energy and matter can enter and exit. Closed System - Energy can enter/exit, but matter can not enter or leave. Closed System - Energy can enter/exit, but matter can not enter or leave.

5. Weather vs. Climate

6. Weather What is happening at a specific place and time! What is happening at a specific place and time! Short term conditions… Short term conditions…

7. Climate Average weather over a long period of time! Average weather over a long period of time! Long term conditions… Long term conditions…

8. Weather / Climate A snow flurry A snow flurry A monsoon (season) A monsoon (season) Thunder and lightning Thunder and lightning Cool summers Cool summers 73° 73° 1010mb (Barometric Pressure) 1010mb (Barometric Pressure) Average temp. 59° Average temp. 59°

9. Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the AtmosphereTHEATMOSPHERE

12. Atmosphere Atmosphere – thin layer of air (gasses) that forms a protective covering around the planet. Provides oxygen & carbon dioxide for living things Keeps the temperatures on Earth stable.

13. How the How the Atmosphere Formed Early atmosphere Began as gases that were released by volcanoes Mostly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water First free oxygen – O 2 appeared about 2 billion years ago.

14. How did the free oxygen form? How did the free oxygen form? Early plants, cyanobacteria (algae)removed CO 2 and released Oxygen. Early plants, cyanobacteria (algae)removed CO 2 and released Oxygen.Photosynthesis

15. The Atmosphere Today - composition Air is… 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon…. How does it compare to Venus and Mars?

16. Layers of the atmosphere… Layers are based (categorized) on temperature differences. Layers are based (categorized) on temperature differences. If temperatures is increasing, something in that layer must be absorbing solar radiation. If temperatures is increasing, something in that layer must be absorbing solar radiation.

17. Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere Exosphere

19. Troposphere Lowest layer Lowest layer Temperature decreases with altitude Temperature decreases with altitude At the Tropopause (top of Troposphere) temps. are stable. At the Tropopause (top of Troposphere) temps. are stable. All important weather phenomena. All life All important weather phenomena. All life Pressure at sea level: 14.7 lbs/in 2, 1014 mb Pressure at sea level: 14.7 lbs/in 2, 1014 mb Jet Streams Jet Streams

20. Stratosphere Temperature increases with altitude (20-50km) Ozone layer – O 3 absorbs UV radiation How does the ozone protect us? It blocks 99% UV radiation from reaching the surface. Ultraviolet radiation damages living tissue.

21. Ozone in the Stratosphere…

22. Destruction of the Ozone Layer The Ozone layer is damaged by chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are released into the atmosphere. The Ozone layer is damaged by chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are released into the atmosphere. They have been banned all over the world. They have been banned all over the world. They were used – They were used – in air conditioners in air conditioners as propellants in cans as propellants in cans

23. Less ozone = more UV radiation = more skin cancer & damage to living tissue of all living things. Less ozone = more UV radiation = more skin cancer & damage to living tissue of all living things.

24. Mesosphere Temps. decrease with altitude (50-80km) Temps. decrease with altitude (50-80km) Coldest air temperatures at the mesopause Coldest air temperatures at the mesopause Air very thin, but thick enough (friction) to burn up meteoroids (meteors), satellites, etc… Hopefully!!!! Air very thin, but thick enough (friction) to burn up meteoroids (meteors), satellites, etc… Hopefully!!!!

25. Thermosphere Temps increase with altitude. Highest temperatures - 2000°C Temps increase with altitude. Highest temperatures - 2000°C Contains the Ionosphere – layer of charged electrical particles – is located here… Contains the Ionosphere – layer of charged electrical particles – is located here… Affected by Solar Events Affected by Solar Events Auroras –Northern & Southern Lights – the energy from the Sun is trapped near the poles and creates lights in the sky! Auroras –Northern & Southern Lights – the energy from the Sun is trapped near the poles and creates lights in the sky!

27. Exosphere 600 to over 10,000 km above Earth’s surface 600 to over 10,000 km above Earth’s surface Transition from Earth’s atmosphere to space. Transition from Earth’s atmosphere to space. Atoms and molecules are so far apart they rarely collide. Atoms and molecules are so far apart they rarely collide.

28. What are the “pauses” Tropopause Tropopause Stratopause Stratopause Mesopause….. Mesopause….. These are the areas where one layer ends and another begins…this is indicated by a change in temperature patterns. These are the areas where one layer ends and another begins…this is indicated by a change in temperature patterns.

32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe r_detailpage&v=dpmXyJrs7iU Russia https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe r_detailpage&v=dpmXyJrs7iU Russia https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe r_detailpage&v=dpmXyJrs7iU https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe r_detailpage&v=dpmXyJrs7iU

33. Mesosphere

34. Stratosphere

35. Troposphere

38. Thermosphere

39. Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure ALWAYS decreases with altitude –The higher you go = less air = less pressure Atmospheric pressure ALWAYS decreases with altitude –The higher you go = less air = less pressure About 50% of air is found within 3.5mi. of the surface of Earth. About 50% of air is found within 3.5mi. of the surface of Earth.

40. Heat and the Atmosphere I will be able to… *List and give examples of the three types of heat exchange types of heat exchange *Define “heat” *Define “heat” *Describe how sunlight behaves when *Describe how sunlight behaves when interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere. interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere.

41. What is heat? Heat Heat –The energy transferred from one object to another by differences of temperature. What is temperature? What is temperature? –The average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules in an object.

42. Energy transfer in the Atmosphere: Insolation - incoming solar radiation – electromagnetic waves ( ultraviolet, visible, infrared ) Heat is transferred from warmer to cooler objects

43. Energy transfer in the Atmosphere causes: Weather Thermal layers in the atmosphere Greenhouse effect of water and CO 2 (carbon dioxide) retain heat

44. 3 Mechanisms (types) of heat transfer 1) conduction 1) conduction 2) convection 2) convection 3) radiation 3) radiation

45. What is Conduction? The transfer of heat through matter by direct contact. Explain how some materials are better than others at conducting heat.

46. What is convection? The transfer of heat by movement in a fluid –Convection Currents. The transfer of heat by movement in a fluid –Convection Currents. Based on differences of density. Based on differences of density. How is it important to earth science? How is it important to earth science?

47. What is Radiation? The transfer of energy (heat) through electromagnetic waves The transfer of energy (heat) through electromagnetic waves Only one that can travel through a vacuum. Only one that can travel through a vacuum. It has two forms; it can be a wave or a particle It has two forms; it can be a wave or a particle Important for solar energy, heating the earth Important for solar energy, heating the earth

48. Heat / Energy Budget Must be balanced or Earth will heat up or cool off Incomes: Insolation (100 units) Spending (100 units): Reflected directly to space (30 units) Atmosphere absorbs (19 units) Earth surface absorbs (51 units) (absorbed energy is later radiated back into space through several processes)

50. Intensity of insolation varies with: Time of day – warmest few hours after noon – why? Latitude – Equator receives the most direct rays Time of year – Middle latitudes vary by Season (Tilt of the Earth)   Cloud Cover

51. Summer - for us… Winter – for us…

52. Heating of water and land: In general, land heats/cools faster than water. *Temperature Maps – use isotherms – lines connecting places of equal temperature

53. Human Impact on the Atmosphere 1.Air Pollutants – airborne gas or particle capable of harming humans or the environment 2. Acid Rain – sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water 3. Smog – brownish haze created mainly by car exhaust.

54. 4.Ozone Depletion – caused by CFC’s – allows more UV radiation to reach earth 5. Global Warming – caused by greenhouse gases – gradual global warming trend -- melting ice caps –raise sea level -- Increases frequency & severity of storms -- Heat waves & droughts

59. Properties of the Atmosphere Water Cycle Processes 1. Evaporation - liquid to a gas (heat absorbed) 2. Condensation- gas to liquid phase (heat released) 3. Sublimation - Solid to a gas (dry ice) (heat absorbed) 4. Precipitation - Gas to a liquid or a solid (heat released)

60. Humidity Specific humidity- the actual amount of water in the air Relative humidity=Specific humidity air capacity (air capacity gets smaller as air is cooler) Higher relative humidity causes clouds. Relative humidity near 100% means precipitation or fog. (dew point)

61. Humidity – measured with sling psychrometer Fog - Cold surface cools warmer moist air above. Water droplets remain suspended.