1. Word Form Noun: person, place, thing Verb: action and state of being
Adjective: describes nouns
Adverb: describes verbs

2. How are English words formed?
In English, words have a base that gives the basic meaning
The base of unhappily is _____happy_________.
If you add a prefix to the word, it usually changes the meaning of the word.
Unhappy means the opposite of happy.
If you add a suffix to the word, it usually changes the function of the word or the parts of speech.
Happy is an adjective; happily is an adverb
He is a happy boy. VS He is singing happily.

3. You can tell the part of speech by looking at the suffix of a word!
Example Suffix
Part of Speech
Example Word
Sentence
-ize
Verb
finalize
Have you called the travel agent to finalize our vacation?
-tion
Noun
Finalization
The finalization of your plans depends on your ability to pay for the tickets on time.
-al
Adjective
Final
By the final week of school, we were ready for vacation.
-ly
Adverb
Finally
I’m finally ready to go.

4. By adding a suffix you can change the pronunciation of a word!
Verb/Adjective
Noun
Ed-ucate (verb)
Edu-CA-tion
SI-milar (adjective)
Simi-LA-rity
Ad-vertize (verb)
Adver-TIZE-ment

5. Practice: Write the base word for the following vocabulary (Hint: the base word is hidden in the word)
Motivation _____________
Liquefy ___________________
Explorer ________________
Finalize _______________
Natural ______________
Thicken __________________
Comfortable _______________
Density ________________
Different __________________
Randomness ___________________

6. Verb endings: Verbs are actions or existence words that describe what nouns do or are. You can convert some nouns or adjectives to make verbs by adding one of these suffixes.
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ate
To cause, to become, to supply
motivate, educate,
-en
To make something have a certain quality
darken, soften
-ify
To cause or make into something
identify, solidify, unify
-ize
To become
generalize, finalize

7. Ex. 1: Can you find the verbs?
At that speed, Dave will not qualify for the race.
His slow speed does not justify a starting time.
If he quickens his pace, he may qualify.
Dave verbalizes his feelings in poems.
In contrast, his coaches articulate their feelings through long speeches.

8. Ex. 2: Building Verbs Word Noun or Adjective Verb form class diverse
final
alien
light
clear
apology
active
formal

9. Noun Endings: Nouns are people, places, things and ideas.
Suffixes for nouns
Meaning
Examples
-al
the act of doing something
rehearsal, denial, arrival
-ence,-ance, -cy
An action or process; quality, condition
reference, performance, secrecy
-ent, -ant
Someone or something that does something
president, participant, student
-er, -or, -r
teacher, elevator, printer, driver
-ese, -an, -ish
Nationality or language
Chinese, Canadian, Turkish
-ity, -ty,
State, character, or condition of being
equality, insanity, beauty
-tion, -ion,
Act or result of doing something
attention, impression, comprehension
-ism
A belief or set of ideas
capitalism, atheism
-ist, -ian
A person who performs a specific action; a person with certain beliefs
chemist, capitalist, communist technician, musician
-ment
A result of doing something, a place of action
development, department

10. More suffixes that make nouns.
Meaning
Examples
-ness
State or condition
Happiness, illness, craziness
-ology, logy
The science of; equipment for
Biology, psychology, physiology, technology
-ry, -y
A result, activity, or place of business
victory, carpentry, laundry
-ship
a state or condition; an art or skill
Friendship, sportsmanship
-th
A quality
Strength, depth
-ure
An act, process, or result
procedure, failure, fracture

11. Rules for making nouns:
RULE 1: Nouns can be made from verbs (fail+ure), adjectives (ill+ness), and sometimes from other nouns (friend+ship) by adding suffixes. RULE 2: Proper nouns can also have suffixes. E.g. Canadian, American

12. Building Nouns From Verbs:
1. invest ___investor/investment______
2. conform ________________
3. impress _________________
4. confide ________________
5. improve _______________
6. integrate _______________
7. discover _______________
8. manage ________________

13. Building Nouns from Adjectives:
Personal ________________________
Similar ________________________
Weak ____________________________
Happy ____________________________
Violent ____________________________
Responsible ________________________
Brilliant ________________________
Honest ________________________

14. Adjective Endings: Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns
Suffixes
Meaning
Examples
-able, -ible
capable of, tending to; fit for; or having qualities of
Comfortable, reversible
-al, -ial
of or relating to something
musical, occasional
-ant, -ent
performing or causing an action/process; being in a specified condition
abundant, persistent, competent
-ary
belonging to, relating to
planetary, military, missionary, dictionary
-ate
having to do with something, state or quality
compassionate, fortunate,
-ful
full of
wonderful, beautiful, prideful
-ic, -ical
relating to or characterized by
periodic, organic, analytical, critical

15. More suffixes for adjectives:
Suffixes of Adjective
Meaning
examples
-ish
having qualities of
bluish, childish
-ive
having tendency to, character of, function of
expensive, massive
-less
without something
careless, useless, fearless -y
having the character of
Curly, funny, crazy
-ous, ious
Having qualities of
Dangerous, gracious

16. Building Adjectives from nouns:
1. Sense ______________
2. danger ______________
3. athlete ______________
4. Accuracy ____________
5. violence _____________
6. monotony _____________
7. style ________________
8. hero ________________

17. Building Adjectives from verbs:
1. help _____________
2. prohibit ____________
3. envy ____________
4. depend _____________
5. create ______________
6. observe ______________
7. accept ______________
8. obey ______________