1. LITERARY ANALYSIS: Integrating Quotations

2. Most of your essay is in your own words, but you use quotes to: Back up your own thinking Illustrate your own thinking Prove that you are correct Or reveal that an opposing point of view is completely idiotic!

3. Short Quotations Short Quotations 1) Simply weave the pieces of the quotation into your own prose. 2) You do not need to use punctuation to integrate pieces of a quotation. Examples: As referenced in his diaries, Brad wants “to be called boss” wherever he goes (45). Holden thinks people are “all phonies” (66).

4. Longer quotes 1-3 lines: A 3-Step Process Step 1: Introduce your quote and provide context. Use a comma to link your writing with the quotation. Always attribute quotations (who is saying or writing the quotation?) After Scout embarrasses Walter at the table, Calpurnia pulls her into the kitchen and says, “There’s some folks who don’t eat like us… but you ain’t called on to contradict ‘em at the table when they don’t. Tha boys yo’ comp’y and if he wants to eat up the tablecloth you let him, you hear?” (27).

5. Step 2: For analytical or research papers, provide a citation (author name & page number) with each quotation; this is MLA format. Note: periods come after your final quotation mark and citation. After Scout embarrasses Walter at the table, Calpurnia pulls her into the kitchen and says, “There’s some folks who don’t eat like us… but you ain’t called on to contradict ‘em at the table when they don’t. Tha boys yo’ comp’y and if he wants to eat up the tablecloth you let him, you hear?” (Lee 27).

6. Step 3: Analyze or comment upon the quote: Why is the quote in your paragraph? Why is it important? After Scout embarrasses Walter at the table, Calpurnia pulls her into the kitchen and says, “There’s some folks who don’t eat like us… but you ain’t called on to contradict ‘em at the table when they don’t. Tha boys yo’ comp’y and if he wants to eat up the tablecloth you let him, you hear?” (Lee 27). Here, Calpurnia is teaching Scout the lesson of empathy, which is an important theme in the novel. Cal is explaining that when someone is a guest in your home, it is important to respect differences and treat him with kindness.

7. Long or Block Quotations For quotations of four or more lines: – - Separate the quotation from your own passage. – - Use a colon to introduce the longer quotation. – -Double-space the quotation. – -Indent the left margin of the quotation. – -Do not use quotation marks for the long passage. – -For block quotations, put the final period before your citation.

8. Long Quotations In Ms. Novick’s journal, she reveals a secret students have suspected for many years: Somehow, I will achieve my goal of becoming a superhero like Batman. First, I must study seven types of martial arts and become really good at them. Next, I’ll need a really cool costume that resembles a bat. I also need a fast car, a cave, and a butler. (37) Throughout this delusional journal, it is clear this English teacher needs a better grasp on reality.

9. Note: You must use signal phrases with dialogue tags! According to Batman, "..." As Wonder Woman goes on to explain, "..." Characterized by Robin, society is "..." As Commissioner Gordon points out, "..." Batgirl believes that "..." Spiderman claims that "..." In the words of The Joker, "..."

10. List of Signal phrases acknowledges, adds, admits, affirms, agrees, argues, asserts, believes, claims, comments, compares, confirms, contends, declares, demonstrates, denies, disputes, emphasizes, endorses, grants, illustrates, implies, insists, notes, observes, points out, reasons, refutes, rejects, reports, responds, states, suggests, thinks, underlines, writes