1. Socrative App
Class code:
FC1A8765

2. Tom Horvath Department of Biology SUNY College at Oneonta
Not Necessarily on Purpose: Domestication and Speciation in the Canidae Family
Tom Horvath
Department of Biology
SUNY College at Oneonta

3. Who is Who’s Best Friend?
The dog is said to be a man’s (human’s) best friend, but it could also be said that we are a dog’s best friend.
Objectives:
How to interpret phylogenetic diagrams.
Understand how natural selection can work on a population to cause speciation.
Distinguish between natural and artificial selection.

4. Dog Breeds
The winner of Best of Show at the 2009 Westminster Dog Show was a Sussex Spaniel.
“Stump” the spaniel competed against 170 other breeds of domestic dog (an intraspecies competition).
Where do so many breeds come from? How did the species we recognize as the domestic dog arise?
Image credit--
Description: Stump is named Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.
Source: also available at
Modifications: Cropped.
Author: Kjunstorm (Lori)
Licensing: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.

5. The start of our story…
A young boy is sitting near the edge of a cave 20,000 years ago. He has just taken out the garbage from the group’s previous day’s activities. The garbage consists of mostly bones and scraps of food from a recent successful hunt. As dusk approaches, the wolves start to arrive. The boy is not frightened. He has seen the wolves many times before. In fact, their arrival is almost ritualistic. They move in from the forest and wait until all the humans have gone into the cave for the night. The boy notices that the same wolf is the first one to get to the good scraps. It doesn’t immediately run off when it sees the boy. Domestic dogs wouldn’t appear on the scene for another 5,000 years….

6. a boy looked out of a cave …
20,000 years ago,
a boy looked out of a cave …
Image credits—
Description: Cave, National Park Ojców, Poland.
Source:
Author: Jan Jerszyński (2005)
Licensing: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License.
Description: Wolf pack (Canis lupus) in animal park of Gramat in France.
Source:
Author: Julien 31
Licensing: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.

7. The Family Canidae Image credit—
Source: Anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler, Wilhelm Ellenberger and Hermann Baum, and medical illustrator, Hermann Dittrich and 1911 through Scan from See also University of Wisconsin Digital Collections at
Licensing: This is a faithful photographic reproduction of an original two-dimensional work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, Australia, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 70 years.

8. Members of the Family Canidae
Jackal
(Black-backed jackal)
Fox
(Kit fox, Red fox)
Wolf
(Gray wolf)
African wild dog
Members of the Family
Canidae
Image credits—
Slide 7 —Top, and Slide 16 —Bottom right
Description: Black-backed Jackal in the Masaai Mara, Kenya, April 2008
Source:
Author: Simyre
Licensing: This image has been released into the public domain by its author
Slide 7 —Row 2, left
Description: San Joaquin Kit Fox
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Digital Library,
Author: B. Peterson
Licensing: Public domain.
Slide 7 —Row 2 right, and Slide 16 —Top right
Description: Red Fox
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Digital Library,
Author: Ronald Laubenstein
Slide 7 —Row 3, and Slide 16 —Bottom left
Description: Gray Wolf, taken in the Garden for Zoologic Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Source:
Author: Yonidebest, Hebrew Wikipedia
Licensing: The copyright holder of this file, Yonidebest, allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed.
Slide 7 —Bottom
Description: African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus)
Source:
Author: Philip Gabrielsen
Licensing: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.

9. Domestic dogs look like they are more closely related to wolves than other canids.
Gray wolf
Siberian husky
(domestic dog)
Image credits—
Slide 8 —Left, and Slide 9 —Left
Description: Gray wolf, Canis lupus
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Digital Library,
Author: Gary Kramer
Licensing: Public domain.
Slide 8 —Right, Slide 16 —Top left,
Description: Siberian Husky
Source:
Author: Hinrich
Licensing: This image is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 Germany License.
Slide 8 —Lower center
Description: Coyote
Source:
Author: Macmanes
Licensing: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.
Coyote

10. Of course, looks can be deceiving!
Gray wolf
Domestic dog
(Lhasa apso)
Image credits--
Slide 9 —Right
Description: Lhasa Apso femea com 6 meses
Source:
Author: Lcfrederico
Licensing: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this image under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
Phylogenetic analyses are more convincing.

11. Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenies can be based on morphology
Similarity of many morphological characteristics are used (color, size, structure, etc.)
Most recent phylogenies are based on molecular similarities
E.g., similarities of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences
More similarities (i.e., fewer dissimilarities) = a closer relationship

12. The study of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships
Think of it as a family tree A B C D
Recent
time
Past
Remember that this is just a hypothesis of common ancestry. This is rooted.
Species A, B, C & D all exist in modern times

13. The study of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships
Think of it as a family tree
Sp A
Sp B
Sp C
Sp D
Unique
ancestor
of D only
Common ancestor=nodes. Blue is a lineage.
Common ancestor
of both C & D, but not A & B
Common ancestor
of A, B, C & D

14. CQ#1: Which statement can be made about this phylogeny?
Species A, B, and C are extinct.
Species C & D shared a common ancestor more recently than B & D.
Species D will display the most advanced morphological characteristics.
Species D is most closely related to Species A.
Species D evolved from Species C.
Sp A
Sp B
Sp C
Sp D

15. Cladograms are another way to look at phylogenies
Image credit—
Slide 14 and Slide 29 —Left
Description: Domestic dog phylogeny
Source: Figure 1 from: Jordana J., Manteca X., Ribo O. Comparative analysis of morphological and behavioral characters in the domestic dog and their importance in the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in canids. Genet. Mol. Biol. [serial on the Internet] Mar [cited 2009 July 24] ; 22(1): 49–57. Available from: doi: /S
Permission: According to articles may be reproduced without specific permission from Genet. Mol. Biol. for use on a non-profit basis in teaching.

16. Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Species F
Introduce clades here. Clades share a derived characteristic. Also called synapomorphies. Species A and B are sister taxa
Species A & B are more similar to each other than they are to any other species
Species A-D are more similar to each other than they are to either species E or F
Species C & D shared a common ancestor in more recent times than the shared common ancestor of A-D

17. In Groups: Discuss relationships and create a cladogram for:
Fox
Domestic dog
Image credit--
Wolf
Jackal

18. CQ#2: Which of the following most closely resembles your cladogram?
Wolf
Jackal
Fox
Dog
Wolf
Jackal
Fox A. C. D.
Dog
Wolf
Jackal
Fox
Dog
Wolf
Jackal
Fox
E. Wow, mine looks like none of these

19. Canid Phylogeny Slide 18 —Center, Slide 19 —Right
Description: Canid phylogeny
Source:
Permission: According to “Images may be downloaded and reproduced for non-profit personal or educational purposes without further permission.”

20. CQ#3: According to the molecular evidence shown in the cladogram, which statement is most true?
Foxes and wolves are closely related.
Domestic dogs and wolves are as closely related to each other as they are to coyotes.
Out of the canids tested, a Gray wolf is the most likely ancestor of the domestic dog.
The domestic dog is the most evolved of the canids.

21. Comparing wolves with dogs
Morphological comparisons (examples)
Dogs tend to have curled tails, wolves have straight tails.
Dogs tend to have smooth short coats.
Skull shape differs.
Molecular comparisons
Gray wolves and dogs differ by no more than 0.2% in their mtDNA sequence.
In contrast, gray wolves and coyotes differ by at least 4%.

22. How did dogs evolve from wolves?
Competing hypotheses
Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans – Artificial selection.
Ancestral wolf populations experienced natural selection forces that favored dog-like characteristics.

23. Hypotheses 1 – Artificial Selection
Arguments for
It makes intuitive sense that ancestral wolves could be domesticated easily since they are so dog-like. Early humans would have intentionally bred ancestral wolves.
Arguments against
Why would any human want to deal with an animal that avoids humans?
Modern wolves can not be “domesticated” by training alone. It takes intensive and sophisticated selective breeding.

24. Hypothesis 2 – Natural Selection
Canids are very resourceful & would have found human waste piles good foraging – wolves were living close to humans.
Wolves are shy, skittish animals – only “adventurous” wolves would have stayed close to the waste piles while humans were around.
The “adventurous” wolves were the best fed and hence had high fitness.
This hypothesis is based on Coppinger, Raymond and Lorna Coppinger Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. ISBN: (ISBN-10: ) Fall 2002

25. CQ#4: What is fitness in the evolutionary sense?
Being the strongest and most able to get food.
Being able to survive and reproduce more successfully than others.
Being the most aggressive and fending off potential predators.
Being the smartest and remembering where the best food resources are.

26. CQ#5: What characteristic is being selected for in the ancestral wolf population under Hypothesis 2?
Ability to interact with humans.
Capability of eating human waste.
Behaviors that lead to tolerance of humans being around.
Inability to run away from humans.

27. A Plausible Series of Events
Those ancestral wolves that tended to tolerate humans would have had the best access to high-quality food (scraps).
Canids likely would have protected their scrap piles from other invading animals and possibly even strange humans.

28. What did humans give dogs?
Easy access to high-quality food.
A safe “home” to raise pups.
What else…
The bullets could be left out and allow students to group and come up with a list of advantages that humans provided for dogs (or ancestral wolves).
Image credit—
Slide 27
Description: Two dogs on sofa
Source: Thomas Horvath, Department of Biology, SUNY College at Oneonta
Permission: Used with permisssion.

29. CQ#6: What did the first "dogs" give humans that is the most significant in evolutionary terms?
An efficient garbage disposal.
An affectionate pet.
An early warning system that someone or something was approaching.
This could be an optional slide
Alternative is to ask students to re-group and come up with evolutionary advantages that humans received by their association with dogs.

30. Phylogeny of Domestic Dog Breeds – Result of Artificial Selection
Image credits—
Slide 29 —Top left
Description: Afghan Hound
Source:
Author: Sannse
Permission: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
Slide 29 —Top right
Description: Irish Setter
Source:
Author: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez
Slide 29 —Farthest left
Description: Akita-Inu
Source:
Author:
Slide 29 —Middle
Description: Alaskan Malamute
Source:
Author: PardoY
Slide 29 —Farthest right
Description: Siberian Husky
Source:
Author: Utopialand
Slide 29 —Lower left
Description: Samoyed
Source:
Slide 29 —Lower right
Description: Chow-chow
Source:
Author: Jurriaan Schulman

31. Evidence for Evolution
Paleontology – fossils show change in a species over time
Biogeography – Similar species are found in similar ecosystems around the world
Morphology – Comparing structures
Homologous structures – body parts with similar structure but possible different function. Shows common ancestry
Analogous structures – similar structure develops in organisms that share a common ecosystem but not a common ancestry
Biochemical or Molecular -
Similarities in gene sequences, proteins, DNA

32. Fossil record Sedimentary rock are richest source of fossils
fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history
incomplete historical documents of biology
history of life on Earth is punctuated by mass extinctions
5000 year old ice mummy found on an Alpine ridge dividing Austria from Italy at 10,500 feet above sea level.

33. Relative Dating

34. Evolutionary Time Scale
Microevolution – changing of allele frequencies in a population over time.
Macroevolution – patterns of change over geologic time. Determines phylogeny
Gradualism – species are always slowly evolving
Punctuated equilibrium – periods of massive evolution followed by periods with little to no evolution

35. Homologous Structures
Anatomical evidence
Anatomical evidence
1. These structures are called… homologous
2. These structures are evidence for…. common ancestry
3. similar internal structure = similar development
4. different function = different environment & niche
5. close evolutionary r’ship!

36. Analogous structures Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
Convergent
evolution
Don’t be fooled by their looks!
same function different development & anatomy
Those fins & tails & sleek bodies are analogous structures!
convergent evolution - NOT common ancestor
Those fins & tails
& sleek bodies are analogous structures!
Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor?
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

37. Evaluating molecular homologies
Aligning DNA sequences
more bases in common = more closely related
analyzed by software
beware of molecular homologies

38. Comparative hemoglobin structure
Molecular Homology
The sequence in DNA & proteins is a molecular record of evolutionary relationships.
Why compare DNA & proteins across species? 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Lamprey
Frog
Bird
Dog
Macaque
Human 32 8 45 67
125
Comparative hemoglobin structure
Molecular Record
What are we comparing here? - comparing DNA (base sequence) & proteins (amino acid sequence)
What assumption do we make about genes and relatedness?  the more closely related, the more DNA bases & amino acids you have in common
have to compare genes for protein the organisms have in common… can’t compare genes for proteins you don’t have
Number of amino acid differences between
hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans

39. Phylogeny & Systematics
evolutionary history of a species
based on common ancestries inferred from
fossil record
morphological & biochemical resemblances
molecular evidence
Systematics
connects classification system to phylogeny by categorizing & naming organisms

40. Systematics Connecting classification to phylogeny hierarchical system
Carolus Linnaeas
latin binomial
genus
species

41. Illustrating phylogeny
Cladograms
patterns of shared characteristics
Classify organisms according to the order in time at which branches arise along a phylogenetic tree

42. Molecular Systematics
Hypothesizing phylogenies using molecular data
apply principle of parsimony
simplest explanation
fewest evolutionary events that explain data
hypothetical bird species
3 possible phylogenies
(there are more)

43. Parsimony
Choose the “tree” that explains the data invoking the fewest number of evolutionary events

44. Parsimony & analogy vs. homology
Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses
Which is the most parsimonious tree?

45. Modern Systematics Shaking up some trees!
Crocodiles are now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles

46. TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) (outgroup) Lancelet Lamprey Leopard Bass Frog
Figure 20.11
TAXA
Lancelet
(outgroup)
(outgroup)
Lancelet
Lamprey
Leopard
Bass
Frog
Turtle
Lamprey
Vertebral
column
(backbone) 1 1 1 1 1
Bass
Vertebral
column
Hinged jaws 1 1 1 1
Frog
Four
walking legs
Hinged jaws
CHARACTERS 1 1 1
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion 1 1
Figure Constructing a phylogenetic tree
Amnion
Hair 1
Leopard
Hair
(a) Character table
(b) Phylogenetic tree 46

47. Three Big Ideas about Phylogenetic Trees
Time runs from the root to the tips of the tree, not across its tips
The branching pattern of a tree indicates relatedness—taxa that share more recent common ancestors are more closely related.
Trees depict evolutionary relationships, not evolutionary progress.
Try #8 on page 398.