1. Count down to 5/23/11

2. 5.4.1 Outline the processes of eutrophication.  Eutrophication refers to the nutrient enrichment of streams, ponds and groundwater. It is due to increased N or P levels triggering an algal bloom, oxygen starvation and eventually the decline of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems.  Can trigger a variety of changes in system (p. 231)

4. 5.4.2 Evaluate the impacts  Of eutrophication. Causes loss of submerged macrophytes (aquatic plants) Loss of fertilizer = economic loss to farmer Health concerns ○ Increased rates of stomach cancer caused by excess nitrates in the digestive tract ○ Blue baby syndrome ○ Critics argue that case against nitrates isn’t clear

6. 5.4.3 Describe and evaluate  Pollution management strategies with respect to eutrophication. Altering human activities that produce pollution by using alternative types of fertilizer, detergent, etc. Regulating and reducing pollutants at the point of emission. Clean-up and restoration of polluted water by pumping mud from eutrophic lakes

7. 5.6.1 Outline the overall  Structure and composition of the atmosphere Mix of gases, liquids and solids ○ Ozone at 10-50 km ○ Nitrogen at 100-200 km ○ Oxygen at 200 – 1100 km ○ Helium at 1100-3500 km ○ Hydrogen above 3500 km Varies…density and temperature

9. 5.6.2 Describe the role of ozone  In the role of ozone in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. Mostly created over the equator and between the tropics because radiation is highest. Carried to polar regions by winds. Absorbs uv radiation that would otherwise destroy life Is a greenhouse gas Constantly created and destroyed

11. 5.6.3 Explain the interaction between ozone and halogenated  Organic gasses. CFCs destroy stratospheric ozone Ozone holes over poles Seasonal variance…springtime in Antarctica colder…cloud ice particles provide a place for the chemical rxns to take place (Cl) Summertime clouds gone…ozone returns

12. 5.6.4 State the effects of  Ultraviolet radiation on living tissues and biological productivity. Humans – eye damage & cataracts, sunburn, and skin cancers (UV-B) Some crops UV-B sensitive and produce reduced yield

14. 5.7.1 State the source and  Outline the effect of tropospheric ozone Troposphere is lower atmosphere…here ozone is a pollutant. Formed here as a result of a reaction with VOCs Produces urban haze/smog Can damage crops and forests…in humans it irritates eyes, causes breathing difficulties and may increase the susceptibility to infection. Highly reactive and can attack fabrics and rubber material.

16. 5.7.2 Outline the formation of  Photochemical smog. NOs + VOCs and high air pressure Summer sunlight helps to form Winter associated with temperature inversion

17. 5.8.1 Outline the chemistry  Leading to the formation of acidified precipitations. Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides ○ In air oxidized to sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 and nitric acid HNO 3 ○ Dissolved in cloud droplets and reach the ground as wet deposition p. 253

18. 5.8.3 Explain why the effect  Of acid deposition is regional rather than global. Usually only in industrialized belts Downwind of dense concentrations of fossil- fuel power stations, smelters, and large cities Upland areas with high rainfall Have thin soils

20. 5.8.4 Describe and evaluate  Pollution management strategies for acid deposition Burn less fossil fuel Reduce the number of private cars on the road and increase the use of public transport Switch to low sulfur fuel Remove sulfur before combustion Burn coal in presence of crushed limestone Remove sulfur from waste gases after combustion Allow decomposition of plants to return nutrients to the soil and offset the acidification

21. 7.1.1 State what is meant by  An environmental value system (EVS). A particular worldview or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group perceive and evaluate environmental issues. ○ Inputs – education, cultural influences, religious texts & doctrine, the media ○ Outputs – perspectives, decisions on how to act regarding environmental issues, courses of action ○ Technocentrist Anthropocentrists Ecocentrist Case study pg. 284

22. 7.1.2 Outline the range of  Environmental philosophies with reference to the evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies. 1972 UN first major conference in international environmental issues 1972 Limits to Growth published Book Gaia (1979) Earth living organism

23. 7.1.3 Discuss how these  Philosophies influence the decision- making process with respect to environmental issues covered in this course. Technocentrist Anthropocentrists Ecocentrist ○ ID your approach pg. 295

25. 7.1.4 Outline key historical  Influences on the development of the modern environmental movement. Minamata, Japan 1956 1962 Rachel Carson – Silent Spring + Save the Whale campaign, Bhopal & Chernobyl disasters ○ Led to environmental pressure groups, concept of stewardship, and increased media coverage raising public awareness

27. 7.1.5 Compare & Contrast…  The environmental values systems of two named societies. Need to provide similarities and differences Refer to the case studies on pages 293-294 in the text.