1. CHAPTER 12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR h_dAzXuoU

2.  Fluid connective tissue  Blood cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma)  Blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system  Transports nutrients, wastes, body heat, gases, etc. throughout body promoting homeostasis  Average-size adult blood volume = 5 liters (males 5-6, females 4-5)  Mostly produced in bone marrow

3.  Erythrocytes (red blood cells)  45% of blood volume*hematocrit (HCT): % volume  Gas transport (O 2 )of blood  Leukocytes (white blood cells)  >1% of blood volume  Fight disease  Thrombocytes (platelets)  >1% of blood volume  Blood clotting  Plasma  55% of blood volume  Clear, straw-colored, non-living fluid matrix -water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, wastes, etc.

4.  Biconcave discs; increases surface area to carry gases  Contains hemoglobin(Hb): iron bearing protein that gives blood its color  Oxyhemoglobin: bright red  Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red  RBC count (# can increase if there is more O 2 ) males 4,600,000-6,200,000 cells per microliter females 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per microliter  120 day life span  Erythropoietin: hormone that controls the rate of blood formation

5.  Anemia: a decrease in the O 2 – carrying ability of blood due to a low # of RBC’s or deficient amount of hemoglobin. Symptoms= pale, low energy  Sickle Cell: a single DNA base change causes an incorrect amino acid -RBC in shape of a sickle -low O 2 -blood clots/damaged organs -carriers resistant to malaria

6.  Protect against disease  Phagocytize bacterial cells  produce antibodies that destroy foreign particles  Diapedesis: squeezing through blood vessel walls  Blood transports WBC’s to sites of infection

7.  2 main types (pg. nb 323/326) o Granulocytes (WBC’s with granular cytoplasm) o Neutrophils:engulf small particles o Eosinophils: attack parasites and control allergic reactions o Basophils: release heparin(blood-clot inhibiting substance) o Agranulocytes (WBC’s without granules) o Monocytes: engulf large objects o Lymphocytes: play an important role in immunity

8.  WBC count 4,500-10,000 per mm 3  Leukocytosis: WBC count over 10,000 indicating acute infection  appendicitis, leukemia  Leukopenia: WBC count below 5,000 -typhoid fever, influenze, measles, AIDs, chickenpox

9.  THROMBOCYTES -Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes -Platelet count varies from 130,000-360,000 -Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels  PLASMA -92% water -Transport substances, regulate fluid balance, and maintain pH (7.35-7.45)

10.  Hemostasis  The stoppage of bleeding  Vasospasm: contraction of smooth muscles  Platelet plug (pg. 330)  Coagulation: forms blood clot using clotting factors -thrombus- abnormal blood clot -embolus-moving blood clot

11.  Artherosclerosis: accumulations of fatty deposits initiating inappropriate clotting  Hemophilia: abnormalities in the clotting factor causing severe hemorrhaging after minor injuries.  Von Willebrand disease: tendency to bleed and bruise easily

12.  Antigens: molecules on the surface of RBC’s that stimulates cells to produce antibodies.  Antibodies: protein found in the plasma that cells of the immune system produce in response to the presence of a nonself antigen  ABO blood groups: Based on the presence of two major protein antigens:  A and B  4 blood types:  A, B, AB, O

13. ABO BLOOD ANTIGENS

14. Blood type% in U.SAntigenAntibodyAccepts in transfusion A41%ABA, O B9%BAB, O AB3%ABNONEA, B, AB, O *UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR O47%NONEABO ONLY *UNIVERSAL DONOR

15.  Agglutination: clumping of RBC’s following a transfusion reaction between wrong blood types; can be fatal  Rh factor  Antigen D  Studied in Rhesus monkey Rh- (no antigen D) Rh+ (has antigen D)  1 st transfusion of Rh- getting Rh+ blood, they will be o.k; 2 nd time blood will agglutinate  Only 15% of US is Rh-  Erythroblatosis fetalis: Rh- mom Rh+ fetus; receive RhoGAM (pg 335)

16.  Heterozygous (different alleles)  AB, AO, BO  Homozygous (same alleles)  OO, AA, BB O O AB x OO A B  Genotype  Genetic make up 50% AO 50% BO  Phenotype  Physical make up 50% A blood 50% B blood AO BO

17. AA x BB Genotype: Phenotype: OO x AO Genotype: Phenotype:

18. Blood Type A B AB O Homozygous AABB AB OO Heterozygous AOBO AB OO (O is a recessive allele)  Genotype is the allele combination  Phenotype is the actual observed trait (blood type)

19. Rh factor Blood type is either + or – (- is a recessive allele) Homozygous ++ or -- Heterozygous +- Therefore, AB - blood is the rarest type and O + blood is the most common