1. The Database Approach Muhammad Nasir m.nasir@iiu.edu.pk

2. Outline Costs and Risks of Database Approach Definitions Range of Database Applications

3. Costs and Risks of the Database Approach Database approach entails some additional costs and risks that must be recognized and managed when it is implemented

4. NEW, SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL Organizations that adopt the database approach need to hire or train individuals to design and implement databases, provide database administration services Training of New employees Training of all employees for new technology

5. Installation And Management Cost And Complexity A multi-user database management system is a large and complex suite of software that has a high initial cost Requires a staff of trained personnel to install and operate, and has substantial annual maintenance and support costs. Require upgrades to the hardware and data communications systems

6. Conversion Costs The term legacy system is widely used to refer to older applications in an organization that are based on file processing and/or older database technology. The cost of converting these older systems to modern database technology— measured in terms of dollars, time, and organizational commitment—may often seem prohibitive to an organization

7. Need For Explicit Backup And Recovery A shared corporate database must be accurate and available at all times. This requires that comprehensive procedures be developed and used for providing backup copies of data and for restoring a database when damage occurs.

8. Definitions Constraint A rule that cannot be violated by database users.

9. Definitions Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools Software tools that provide automated support for some portion of the systems development process.

10. Definitions Repository A centralized knowledge base of all data definitions, data relationships, and other system components.

11. Types of Database Applications Personal Database Two Tier-Client/Server Architecture Database Multi-tier Client Server Architecture Database Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Data warehousing

12. Personal Databases Personal databases are designed to support one user. Personal databases have long resided on personal computers (PCs), including laptops, and increasingly on smart-phones and PDAs.

13. Two-Tier Client/Server Databases The most common method of sharing data for this type of need is based on creating a two-tier client/server application. Each member of the workgroup has a computer, and the computers are linked by means of network (wired or wireless LAN).

14. Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

15. One of the drawbacks of the two-tier database architecture is thick client user interface logic as well as the business logic. This means powerful PC on client side Another drawback is that each time there is a change to either the business logic or user interface, each client computer that has the application needs to be updated.

16. Multi-tier Client/Server Databases To overcome these limitations, most modern applications that need to support a large number of users are built using the concept of multi-tiered architecture

17. Multi-tier Client/Server Databases Three tier or multi-tier architecture consist of client interface, Application server, and database server.

18. Multi-tier Client/Server Databases

19. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) A business management system that integrates all functions of the enterprise, such as manufacturing, sales, finance, marketing, inventory, accounting, and human resources. ERP systems are software applications that provide the data necessary for the enterprise to examine and manage its activities.

20. Data warehouse An integrated decision support database whose content is derived from the various operational databases.

21. Summary of Database Applications

22. The End Thanks for listening Questions would be appreciated.