1. Anatomy & Physiology ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Part A

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings anatomy Ana-----apart tomy---to cut

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of body studied by system Surface –internal structures as related to overlying skin

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Anatomy Embryology – study of developmental changes of before birth

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiology Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery. physio----nature Considers the operation of specific organ systems Renal – kidney function Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level which requires an understanding of chemistry

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiology Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form Examples: Bones support and protect because they are hard Blood flows one way through heart because of valves

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism – made up of the organ systems Population-one species living in certain area Ecosystem-community of organisms and environment Biosphere-portion of earth where living things exist

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of organization

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Sensory inputs Mechanical barrier to diseases, chemicals, water loss Protects deep tissues from injury synthesizes vitamin D

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid (lymph or interstitial fluid) leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Male reproductive system Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Female reproductive system Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Interrelationships The integumentary system protects body from external environment Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Interrelationships Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems Figure 1.3

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions I Maintaining boundaries –internal environment remains distinct from external Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes Organism level – accomplished by the skin Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), contractility Responsiveness – ability to sense and respond to changes in environment Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuff

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions II Metabolism – all chemical reactions occurring in body Excretion – removal of wastes from body Reproduction – cellular and organism levels Cellular – original cell divides; produces two identical daughter cells Organism – sperm and egg unite to make new person Growth – increase in size of body part or of organism

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

30. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHomeostasis Internal and external environment Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Variable produces a change in the body Receptor monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) Afferent pathway: from receptor to control center Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Efferent pathway: from control center to effector Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

32. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

33. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Afferent and efferent Afferent approaches control center Efferent exits control center

34. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative Feedback In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels Figure 1.5

35. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive Feedback In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood clotting Figure 1.6

36. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Clot Formation (blood cells, platelets, fibrin clot) (SEM x10,980).

37. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control Mechanisms Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through the nervous and endocrine systems

38. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Imbalance Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium caused by disease Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

39. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Anatomy & Physiology ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Part B

41. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away from body Directional terms refer to body as if it were in this position regardless of its actual position

42. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Left and right Refer to person or body being viewed

43. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axial vs appendicular

44. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body planes: Sectioned: cut; named for plane

45. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Planes Sagittal: vertical; left and right Midsagittal: middle Parasagittal: off midline Frontal: (coronal): anterior and posterior Transverse: (horizontal) also called cross section: superior and inferior Oblique: at a diagonal

46. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

47. Body Cavities: internal chambers 1. protect and/or cushion 2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

48. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

49. Dorsal body cavity: protects brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity: within skull, encases brain Vertebral/spinal cavity: within bony vertebral column; contains spinal cord Continuous with each other

50. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Fig 1.14

51. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ventral body cavity: houses viscera or visceral organs Thoracic: surrounded by ribs and muscles; separated from abdominopelvic cavity by thin, dome shaped muscle—diaphragm 1. pleural cavities: lungs 2. medial mediastinum: Pericadial: heart Esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, blood and lymph vessels

52. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic: Not physically separated 1. Abdominal: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and most of large intestine; surrounded by muscle 2. Pelvic: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive organs; surrounded by bony pelvis and muscle

53. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Membranes in ventral body cavity Walls of ventral body cavity and surfaces of organs covered by a thin, double-layered membrane = Serosa or serous membrane

54. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parietal: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral: covers the organ

55. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous membrane covering liver

56. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous membranes Fist and balloon Separation filled with serous fluid Secreted by both membranes Like a thin mucous Allows organs to move with very little friction

57. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane lined cavities Pericardial cavity has parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium Each lung surround by pleura

58. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal-pelvic cavity Peritoneum

59. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation of serous membranes Usually from infection; produce less fluid Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium; very dangerous Pleurisy: inflammation of one or both pleura; very painful Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum

60. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants Because this cavity contains so many organs Easier to think of smaller sections 9 regions Four quadrants; used by medical professionals Appendix is in lower right quadrant; rebound tenderness in this quadrant is a classic sign of appendicitis

61. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

62. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1

63. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (continued)

64. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (continued)

65. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Sagittal and medial – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

66. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Figure 1.8

68. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Terms Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology Figure 1.7a

69. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body Figure 1.7a

70. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Terms Figure 1.7b

71. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic

72. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.9

73. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Cavity

74. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Fig 1.14

75. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial – encloses the heart

76. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

77. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa covering the body walls Visceral serosa covering the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae Figure 1.10

78. 1.Root or hilum of lung 2.Parietal pleura 3.Visceral pleura 4.Thoracic wall 5.Vertebral column 6.Lymph nodes

81. 1.Heart 2.Fibrous pericardium 3.Parietal layer of serous pericardium 4.Visceral layer of serous pericardium 5.Pericardial space 6.Pleural cavity and lung

82. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities

83. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11a Abdominopelvic Regions

84. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11b

85. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower Figure 1.12

86. Anatomy & Physiology ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Imaging

87. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale) Fig 1.1

92. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Traditional: X-rays X-ray of skull Radiodensity of different tissues Varies: Denser tissues absorb more radiation Disadvantage? Best for bones and some tumors and tuberculosis nodules in lungs Since 1895

93. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings X-rays and Contrast Medium Use of heavy elements such as _______, iodinated molecules etc.etc.