2. Basic Meter School August 19-21, 2015 HISTORY OF METERING

3. Prior to 1870, Electricity had little use except for Telephone and Telegraph. Shortly thereafter came arc lamps connected in series.

4. Prior To Watt-Hour Meters Customers first were billed on a “per lamp bulb basis” Meter readers counted bulbs… Was this fair?

5. “War of the Currents”

6. Initial years, Thomas Edison’s direct current was US standard. George Westinghouse advocated alternating current. The Two Became Adversaries In the end, (around 1894) AC current became the standard

7. Electric Metering… “Competitors” Elihu Thompson George Westinghouse Oliver B. Shallenberger Robert C. Lanphier Thomas Duncan Thomas Edison

8. Elihu Thomson 1853 – 1937 British-Born American Electrical Engineer /Inventor Established the Thompson- Houston Company at age 27. Merged with Edison in 1892 to form the General Electric Co.

9. Elihu Thomson “There is scarcely a day passing on which some new use for electricity is not discovered. It seems destined to become at some future time the means of obtaining light, heat and mechanical force.” (Age 16)

10. George Westinghouse Born in New York October 6, 1846 Over 360 Patents. Founder of Westinghouse Electric Corporation

11. Oliver B. Shallenberger (1860 – 1898) Design engineer along with George Westinghouse (Founded the Westinghouse Electric Company) 1888 - Invented the first Ampere-Hour (Induction) Meter.

12. Shallenberger

13. Oliver B. Shallenberger Oliver B. Shallenberger Internal Display of Ampere-Hour Meter Without Its Cover

14. Thomas Duncan Formerly Of General Electric, Founded The Duncan Electric Manufacturing Company In 1901. Focus On Extended Range Metering (greater than 400 amps.) Landis & Gyr

15. Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Great Inventor. 1881- Invented The First True Form Of Power Measurement Electric Chemical Watt-Hour Meter.

16. Meter Manufacturers Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. –1886 General Electric – 1892 Sangamo Electric Company - 1899 Duncan Electric Manufacturing Company - 1901

17. Major Meter Manufacturers GENERAL ELECTRIC WESTINGHOUSE / ABB / ELSTER SANGAMO / SCHLUMBERGER /ITRON DUNCAN / LANDIS & GYR / SEIMENS INVENSUS / SENSUS OTHERS

18. “The Watt-hour Meter” Cash register of the Utility industry Accurately measuring energy consumed. Not a Penny More/Not a Penny Less Certainly more accurate than counting light bulbs.

19. WATT-HOUR METER Watt-hour Meters - 130,000,000,000 Annual Revenues - $200,000,000,000 Average cost in 1925 - $0.65/KWH Average cost in 2008 - $0.08/KWH First Patent issued - 1895 Worldwide Population without electricity 200,000,000

20. 120+ YEARS OF METERING

21. Metering Has Changed Even the light bulb is not the same.

22. AMR Automated Meter Reading One-way Communications TOU Improved Accuracy Set Billing Cycles Tamper Detection

23. AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure Residential Metering Two-Way Communications TOU Critical Tier Pricing Local Area Network (LAN) Tamper Detection Remote Connect/Disconnect

24. High-End Metering Long-Term Memory Storage Load Profile Provide Historical/Real-Time Data Bi-directional Metering Relay Operation (Equipment On/Off capabilities) Customer Read-Only Access Many More Features

26. WATT-HOUR METER The watt-hour meter is an engineering marvel. It operates continuously in the field for 30 years or more, Withstands lightning strikes, heat, cold, and humidity, Requires practically no maintenance Makes complex measurements with superb accuracy, Single-phase Residential Meter cost about $60.00

27. Questions / Answers