1. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African-American History SECOND EDITION PRENTICE HALL Chapter African Americans and the Struggle for Independence 1763–1783 4

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans and the Struggle for Independence 1763–1783 THE CRISIS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND AFRICAN AMERICANSTHE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND AFRICAN AMERICANS BLACK ENLIGHTENMENT AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCEAFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE THE REVOLUTION AND EMANCIPATION

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Title page

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Why weren’t rights extended

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Crisis of the British Empire

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold CRISPUS ATTUCKS

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Declaration of Independence and African Americans

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Declaration of Independence and African Americans Declaration of Independence  Document adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 that called for independence from Britain.

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Declaration of Independence and African Americans (cont'd) Jefferson and the other delegates did not mean to lead African Americans to hope the American War for Independence could become a war against slavery. But that is what African Americans believed. Jefferson and the others distinguished between the rights of White men of British descent and people of color—they were slaveholders from slaveholding colonies.

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Declaration of Independence and African Americans (cont'd) What place did the authors of the Declaration of Independence imagine black people would occupy in an independent America?

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Impact of the Enlightenment Enlightenment – Eighteenth-century intellectual movement that stressed the ability of human reason to discover the “natural laws” of the universe.  This shaped a new way of seeing humans and their universe.  John Locke applied Newton’s ideas to politics  Locke maintained that the human society should have natural laws just as the universe does.

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Impact of the Enlightenment (cont'd) What role did the ideas of John Locke play in the arguments in favor of American independence from Britain?

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate African Americans listened as George Washington and others talked of liberty from Great Britain and from oppression.  They did not understand that this oppression did not translate to them.  They thought their white oppressors would realize that this was a contradiction to slavery.

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate (cont'd) African Americans listened as George Washington and others talked of liberty from Great Britain and from oppression.  Some influential whites also started to question the enslavement of the Africans at a time when the whites were fighting oppression from Britain.

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A black youngster

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Twenty-eight fugitive slaves

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate (cont'd) So many slaves fled in the South that between 1770 and 1790 the percentage of black people in South Carolina’s population dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent and in Georgia from 45.2 percent to 36.9 percent. African Americans formally made their case for freedom in New England.

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate (cont'd) As early as 1701, a Massachusetts slave won his liberty in court. What steps did African Americans take to assert their right to freedom during the revolutionary period?

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Enlightenment

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Intellectuals The best known of these is Jupiter Hammon, a Long Island slave who published religious poetry in the 1760s. Phillis Wheatley and Benjamin Banneker, who were directly influenced by the Enlightenment, became the most famous black intellectuals of their time.

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Enlightenment (cont'd) How did the Great Awakening contribute to the development of black intellectual life?

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Phillis Wheatley Came to Boston from Africa in 1761. She learned English quickly. She studied the bible and became Christian. She wrote poetry about important events like Enlightenment. She published the first book by an African American Woman.

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A portrait of Phillis Wheatley

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Phillis Wheatley (cont'd) How did religion shape Wheatley’s views of white people, slavery, and Africa?

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Roots of Culture Look at the images of Banneker’s work. What common qualities tie them together? Why did Banneker and his publisher decide to put a portrait of him on the cover of his almanac?

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Portrait of Benjamin Banneker

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold We see Banneker’s mind

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This plan of the city

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Benjamin Banneker Born free in Maryland in 1731-died in 1806. Attended a racially integrated school. Was fascinated with mechanics. Keenly aware of the fundamentals and contradictions of slavery and human equality associated with the American Revolution.

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Benjamin Banneker (cont'd) In what ways was Banneker a typical man of the Enlightenment?

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the War for Independence

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the War for Independence Loyalist  A citizen of the American colonies who remained loyal to the British government during the War for Independence. When it came to choose sides in the war against Britain, the African Americans chose the side that offered freedom, whether it was offered on either side.

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in the War for Independence (cont'd) Why were the white leaders of the Patriot cause initially unwilling to enlist black soldiers in their armed forces?

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Loyalists Because so many Patriot leaders resisted employing black troops, by mid-1775 the British had taken the initiative in recruiting African Americans. Slaves from the South escaped and sought British protection.

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold MAP 4–2

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Loyalists (cont'd) Black Loyalists were most numerous in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia.

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Loyalists (cont'd) Dunmore’s proclamation and the black response to it struck a tremendous psychological blow against his enemies. Of Dunmore’s six hundred troops at Great Bridge, half were African Americans whose uniforms bore the motto “Liberty to Slaves.”

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Loyalists (cont'd) What drew African Americans to the Loyalist cause?

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Lord Dunmore’s November 7, 1775

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Patriots Black men fought on the Patriot side from the very beginning of the war. Black Minute Men distinguished themselves at the battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775.

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The black revolutionary soldier Salem

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Seeing the Past Take a closer look at the image of the death of Crispus Attucks. Why might Patriot leaders have chosen to publicize his death? How is his death portrayed here?

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A free African American

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Seeing the Past (cont'd) Examine the image of Lemuel Haynes. What does this portrait and his life story tell us about the place of free African Americans in Connecticut society in the Revolutionary era?

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Patriots of African Descent

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The death of Crispus Attucks

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Flag of the Bucks

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A copy of the Honorable Discharge

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Seeing the Past (cont'd) In 1777, when Congress set state enlistment quotas for the Continental Army, state recruitment officers began to fill those quotas with black men so white men might serve closer to home in the militia. Black men wanted a guarantee that if they were to fight in a war for liberty, they, too, would be free.

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Seeing the Past (cont'd) Black men fought on the Patriot side in nearly every major battle of the war. Why did Patriot leaders change their minds and decide to enlist African- American soldiers and sailors?

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Revolution and Emancipation

52. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Fighting for Freedom The willingness of African Americans to risk their lives in the Patriot cause encouraged northern legislatures to free slaves within their borders. Quakers - Members of The Religious Society of Friends, a religious movement whose roots come from the 17th century English Christians who separated from the Church of England.

53. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Fighting for Freedom (cont'd) The Quakers were against slavery. The Quakers encouraged their friends to free their slaves. Under Quaker leadership, antislavery societies came into existence in both the North and the Chesapeake.

54. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A young French officer

55. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Fighting for Freedom (cont'd) What explains Quaker leadership in the antislavery movement?

56. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Revolutionary Impact Antislavery societies emphasized black service in the war against British rule and the religious and economic progress of northern African Americans in their argument for emancipation. Manumission - The legal freeing of slave.

57. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold FIGURE 4–1

58. MAP 4–3 Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

59. MAP 4–3 Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

60. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Patriot newspaper

61. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Revolutionary Impact (cont'd) Masters began to stop inflicting barbaric punishments used in the past, to improve slave housing, and to allow slaves more access to religion. In South Carolina and Georgia, greater autonomy for slaves during the revolutionary era took a different form.  The war increased absenteeism among masters and reduced contacts between the black and white populations.

62. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Revolutionary Promise Even though the northern states were moving toward general emancipation during the revolutionary era, most newly free African Americans lived in the Chesapeake. Free black populations also grew in Delaware and Maryland. In South Carolina and Georgia, the free black class remained tiny.

63. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Revolutionary Promise (cont'd) Newly freed black people also faced economic difficulty, and their occupational status often declined.

64. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold MAP 4–4

65. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Chapter timeline A

66. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Chapter timeline B