2. Vertebral column 33 Vertebrae Inter-vertebral disc7 12 5 4
Vertebral column
33 Vertebrae
Inter-vertebral disc
Form 1/4 of its length

3. Curvature of vertebral column
Thoracic and sacral (primary)
Concave anterior. Develop during fetal period, deference between ant and post Thickness of the vertebra.
Cervical and lumbar :
Concave posterior, develop during the fetal period, due to deference in IV disc thickness
- Cervical - infant hold head
- Lumber - infant walk and assume upright position, prominent in female.

4. Abnormal Vertebral column curvature
Kyphosis:
abnormal increase in thoracic curv. Erosion of anterior vertebral part.
Lordosis:
(hollow back) anterior rotation of pelvis. Abnormal increase in lumber curvature (pregnancy)
Scoliosis:
(Crooked or curved back) abnormal lateral curvature and rotation of the back (appears between ages of 10-15)

5. General Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Body or centrum – disc- shaped, weight-bearing region
Vertebral arch – composed of pedicles and laminae that along with the centrum, encloses the vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramina – make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes

6. General Structure of typical Vertebrae cont.
Spinous process project posterior and usually downward.
Transverse processes project laterally
Superior and inferior articular processes – protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the pedicle-lamina junctions
Inter-vertebral foramina – lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles

7. Cervical Vertebrae
Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest & lightest vertebrae
C3-C7 are distinguished with an
oval body
long spinous processes
Large and triangular vertebral foramina
Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen.
Superior and inferior articular facets are oriented sup. and inf.

8. Atypical Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C1)
Has no body and no spinous process
Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
The superior and inferior surface of lateral masses has articular surfaces to articulate with the occipital condyles and with the axis

9. Atypical Cervical Vertebrae: The Axis (C2)
The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae
Unique to the axis is the dens, or odontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is attached to the anterior surface of the arch of the atlas.
The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

11. Pivot Joint Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of bone 2
Movements: Rotation Around one Axes

13. Thoracic Vertebrae
There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs.
Major markings include two demi-facets on the heart-shaped body for the head of the rib.
Circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes with articular costal facets for the rib tubercles.
Long biffed spinous process that is inclined downward.
The location of the articulate facets prevent flexion and extension, but allow rotation of this area of the spine.
Superior articular processes are oriented backward and laterally.

14. Thoracic Vertebrae

15. Lumbar Vertebrae
The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small region of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function.
Body is large and kidney-shaped.
They have short, thick pedicles and lamina.
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes.
Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen.
Orientation of the sup. articular facets face medially to lock the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability

16. Vertebral characteristics

18. Inter-Vertebral Joints

19. Vertebral Column: Inter-vertebral Discs
Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
Nucleus pulposus – inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc is elasticity and compressibility
Annulus fibrosus – surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and Fibro cartilage.

21. Movements

22. Atlanto-occipital joints and ligaments
Often considered to be a Hinge joint because of its primary uniaxial range of movement (as in shaking your head “yes”).
The atlanto-occipital joints occur between the reciprocally curved surfaces of the two occipital condyles and the articular facets on the lateral masses of the atlas.
Movements:
While the primary axis of movement is the nodding movements (flexion and extension of the head) in the antero-posterior plane, a small amount of side to side bending (lateral flexion), and rotation is possible at this joint surface.
Ligaments of the joint:
Are the fibrous membrane of the joint capsule (Ant and Post), the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, and the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane.

25. Cruciform ligament of atlas (cruciform):
Alar ligaments:
They connect the sides of the dens (on the axis, or the second cervical vertebra) to the tubercles on the medial side of the occipital condyle.
Legamentum flavum:
They connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, extending from the second thoracic vertebra, the axis, to the first segment of the sacrum
Cruciform ligament of atlas (cruciform):
is a cruciate ligament in the neck forming part of the atlanto-axial joint.

26. Cruciate ligament of atlas

27. Ligamentum flavum
They connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae,

28. Sacrum and Coccyx The sacrum
Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis
It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones
Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus

30. Coccyx S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 1 2 3 4
Coccyx (Tailbone)
The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum

31. Disc Problems Slipped (degeneration) disc vs. herniated disc
Most common sites for disc problems:
C5 - C6
L4 - L5
L5 - S1
Lumbago
Laminectomy ( IS a surgical removal vertebral arch by shaving laminae to access disc)

32. Vertebral “Body” Fracture

33. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
Functions
Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles
Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing

34. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)

35. Sternum (Breastbone)
A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
Results from the fusion of three bones – the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process
Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint

36. Sternum

37. Structure of a Typical True Rib
Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft

38. Superior facet
Inferior facet
Articular facet
of tubercle