1. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 11 Animation Guide PASSION FOR FLIGHT (PFF) CHALLENGE

2. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 22 Objectives of the Challenge The Passion for Flight Challenge asks students to improve a glider using relevant scientific and technological concepts. Students will be initiated into the use of different materials and to the industry procedures used in aviation.

3. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 33 Context: Passion for Flight Challenge

4. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 44 Activity 1  Forces of Flight  Video clip The Forces on an Airplane (MIT) Carefully observe the forces of flight described in the video. After viewing the video, open your Student Booklet and make notes on flight and the forces of flight.

5. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 55 MIT K-12 Video: The Forces on an Airplane

6. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 66 Lift Thrust Weight Drag

7. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 77 Force Advantage or Disadvantage Explanation ThrustAdvantage Plane must move forward in order to fly. DragDisadvantage Air resistance must be overcome during flight. LiftAdvantage Air exerts lift on the plane’s wings. Without air the plane cannot fly. WeightAdvantage and Disadvantage Essential for landing, but must be overcome during take off. Forces on Aircraft: Advantages and Disadvantages

8. PROPULSÉE PAR AÉRO MONTRÉAL 88  Comparison Exercise Activity 1  Forces of Flight (cont’d)

9. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 99 Activity 1  Forces of Flight (cont’d)  Comparison Exercise Object 1Object 2Compare and Analyze Bike 1925 Triathlon Bike 2015 Drag and friction are impacted through the body positioning on the bike. The 2015 bike is made of lightweight materials, therefore reducing the mass and weight of the bike. Plane 1925 Plane 2015 The 2015 plane has two engines therefore improving thrust. Penguin Eagle The longer wings of the eagle provide a greater lift. Round Helmet Pointy Helmet The pointy helmet creates less friction, therefore decreasing drag. MinivanRace Car The race car has a smaller mass and a more powerful engine than the minivan. Therefore it has less weight, a smaller drag and a bigger thrust.

10. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 10 Activity 2a  Build a PFF Glider  List of materials needed to build the PFF Glider:  PFF Glider Student Work Assembly Instructions  PFF Glider cut-out elements  Materials: Glue, glue lines, wood sticks, double faced adhesive tape, adhesive tape, Fun-Tak ®, etc.  Tools: Scissors, utility knife, pencil, ruler  Model Glider for reference

11. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 11 Activity 2b  Test and Measure the Flight of a PFF Glider  Is your glider built?  Is your testing set-up complete? (See diagram below for set-up.) If you answered yes to both these questions, it is time to test your glider!

12. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 12 Activity 2b  Test and Measure the Flight of a PFF Glider (cont’d)  In your Student Booklet, take note of the following observations:  Sketch the side view and the top view in your Student Booklet. Examples: Side view Top view Observations Stretch of elastic 20 cm Table height Distance travelled Additional observations

13. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 13 Activity 2b  Test and Measure the Flight of a PFF Glider (cont’d)  Now is the time to start asking yourself some questions. Record these questions and predictions in your Student Booklet (Question7) and start thinking about some of the reasons why your glider took its flight path.  What would make a glider take any of the following flight paths?

14. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 14 Activity 3  An Experimental Glider  In your Student Booklet  List some changes which would improve the flight path of your glider. These changes are design variables.  Write down the independent, dependent and controlled variables you want to identify.  Identify the variable you want to change.  Write down the problem you want to explore and state your hypothesis.  Make a change to your glider based on your hypothesis.  Re-test your glider based on the change your made.  Reflect on the outcome observed.

15. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 15 Remember the PFF Challenge? Let’s move on to the second part of the PFF Challenge – improving the aircraft we have built.

16. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 16 Forces of Flight Review ForceImpact on Flight ThrustThe plane’s engines provides the power to make it move forward. This movement called thrust allows the plane to fly when combined with lift. DragDrag hinders the plane from moving forward. LiftLift is a force that permits flight. Larger wings permits greater lift. WeightWeight is the force due to gravity which pulls the plane down.

17. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 17 Elements Affecting Flight CategoryExampleAdvantageDisadvantage MaterialWood Metal Plastic Carbon fibre Wood is strong. Metal is durable. Plastic is light. Carbon fibre is light. Wood can be heavy. Metal can be heavy. Plastic can crack. Carbon fibre may sometimes be too light. Atmospheric conditions Air currents Atmospheric layer The jet stream helps move the plane forward if it is flying in the same direction. There is less air resistance at higher atmospheric layers. It is more difficult to fly in the opposite direction of the jet stream. Planes cannot fly in the upper atmosphere layer because the air is too thin. Natural adaptations Wing span Body shape Bone structure Larger wings help flyers glide longer. An elongated body offers better aerodynamics. Animals are well adapted to their environments. Larger wings do not permit precision flights. If animals change their environment they may not be able to adapt.

18. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 18 Plan, build and test your improved glider.

19. DRIVEN BY AÉRO MONTRÉAL 19 On second thought… Possible Modifications to the GlidersKeep Modifications or Not?