1. Unit 3:Global Processes- Climate and Land Use Land-Public and Private

2. I. Public Lands in the US 42% of US land publicly held! Includes rangelands, national forests, national parks, national wildlife refuges and wilderness areas

3. Public Lands managed based on concept Multiple Use: of greatest good for greatest number of people Areas are preserved and managed for economic, scientific, recreational and aesthetic purposes.

4. II. Forest Ecosystems A. Types of Forest Old Growth: uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activity for several hundred years or more. They are biodiversity storehouses because they varied habitat and niches for so many species. (22%)

5. Second Growth; stand resulting from secondary ecological succession. 65%

6. Tree Plantation: managed tract with uniformly aged trees or one or two genetically uniform species that are harvested and then replanted. (5%)

7. B. Economic and Ecosystem Services of Forests

8. C. Logging-Tree Harvest Practices Any tree harvest Technique has Harmful enviro effects: build roads with Resulting erosion and sedimentation, Habitat fragmentation, exposure of forest to Invasive pests and diseases, loss of biodiversity and unique species.

9. Selective cut: Intermediate-aged or mature trees are cut singly or in groups. Reduces crowding, removes diseased trees, encourages new growth and provides trees of all ages for multiple use

10. Clear Cutting: removal of all trees in an area in a single cut. Fig. 10-9, p. 198

12. Fig. 10-11, p. 198

13. D. Fire Fires and Forest Ecosystems Surface Fires: Burn understory and leaf litter; most mature trees and animals ok. Can have eco benefits-reduce fuel, release nutrients, control pests, maintain habitat. Crown Fires: Hot fires that start on the ground and eventually burn whole trees and leap from treetop to treetop. Much litter has accumulated, destroy most everything in path (including insects and soil microorganisms) and increase erosion.

15. prevention -prescribed burning/ presuppression: get rid of fuel to prevent a big fire, re- establish jack pine and aspen stands, help control pathogens and insects - suppression: let fires burn on public land. Tied to HFI which is controversial because it remove large fire resistant trees encouraging dense growth of flammable underbrush and leaves. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z8WREz th6g

16. E. Pathogens Pathogens and Insects cause ecological and economic damage Integrated Pest Management: Combined pesticide use with other strategies –Ban wood transfer/Control Spread –Prevention –Remove infected trees –Genetic engineering

17. Gypsy Moth: a defoliator primarily of hardwood trees, especially oak Known to feed on the foliage of hundreds of species of plants in North America but its most common hosts are oaks and aspen; highest concentrations of host trees are in the southern Appalachian Mtns., the Ozark Mtns., and in the northern Lake States.

18. Mountain Pine Beetle: Defoliator of Lodgepole Pine

19. Emerald Ash Borer The adult feed on ash foliage- little damage. The larvae feed on the inner bark disrupting the tree's ability to transport water and nutrients. Probably arrived in the United States on solid wood packing material originating in its native Asia.

20. Two principles upon which U.S. forests are managed Sustainable Yield Multiple Use Controversial Logging subsidies: Timber companies get roads built by taxpayer money National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits Environmental Impact Statement: Before a project can begin, developers must file and EIS to outline the scope and purpose of the project and analyzes the impact of the project

21. III. Deforestation and the Fuel Wood Crisis Deforestation and the Fuel Wood Crisis Population Growth, Poverty force subsistence farming. Many trees cut for fuel Large corporations operating under government concession contracts-once trees removed they sell the land to cattle grazers Corporate Plantations that grow soybeans, palm oil

22. Tropical Rain Forest Destruction Causes Agriculture-cash crops (palm, sugar cane) Mining Large Dam Construction Fuel Wood Solutions Corporate Stewardship Sustainable consumer options Alternate Products Policies http://www.greenpeace.org /usa/en/campaigns/forests/ solutions-to-deforestation/http://www.greenpeace.org /usa/en/campaigns/forests/ solutions-to-deforestation/

23. Palm oil Production Effects of Producing Palm Oil 90 per cent of Sumatra’s orangutan population has disappeared since 1900. They now face extinction How To Spot Palm Oil in Products Palm oil is found in everything from food and household products, food and cosmetics. It is also being used as an biofuel. It is thought that one in ten products found on our supermarket shelves today contain palm oil, Vegetable oil, Sodium Lauryl Sulphates, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, Palmate, Palm Oil Kernal, Palmitate, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, Elaeis Guineensis, Steareth-2, Steareth- 20, Hydrated palm glycerides, Cety palmitate & ocyl palmitate (anything ending with palmitate)

24. Palm Oil Production in Costa Rica

26. IV. Managing and Sustaining Grasslands and Rangelands A.Rangeland and Overgrazing Unfenced grassland in temperate and tropical climates. Cattle, sheep and goats Many ecosystem services: soil formation, erosion control, nutrient cycling, food, habitat and biodviersity Grass grows from tip not base-will grow back as long as not overgrazed Too many animals for too long a period of time causes desertification B. Managing Rangelands Control number of animals allowed to graze Rotation Protect Riparian Zones: thin strip of lush vegetation along river and stram banks. Conservation easement: land groups formed by rangers and environmentalists that place restrictions on a deed that bar future owners from developing the land

28. Ecological Restoration Conservation Controlled Use", "Scientific Management" of natural resources. "Greatest good for the greatest number of people. Preservation Remaining wilderness areas on public lands should be left untouched Restoration Repair of areas damaged by humans Replant forest or grassland, restore wetland, stream-bank improvement Remediation Most often used with cleanup of chemical contaminants in a polluted area. Mitigation Repairing/Rehabilitating a damaged ecosystem or compensation for damage, Most often by providing a substitute or replacement area; frequently involves wetland ecosystems. Reclamation Typically used to describe chemical or physical manipulations carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open-pit mines or large-scale construction Reconciliation Ecology: method of preserving biodiversity with dwindling areas for preservation

29. V. Residential Land Use is Expanding Suburban: areas surround metropolitan centers and have low population density compared to urban areas.

30. Urban Sprawl Creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas and remove clear boundaries between the two. Landscape characterized by clusters of housing, retail shops, office parks separated by miles of road Caused by autos/highway construction, living costs, urban blight and government policies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqUSo2hstHI

31. Urban Blight

32. Smart Growth 1.Mixed Land Use 2.Range of housing options 3.Walkable neighborhoods 4.Stakeholder decision making 5.Compact building design 6.Distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place 7.Preserve open space and enviro areas 8.Transportation choices 9.Build in existing areas 10.Make development decisions fair and cost effective http://water.nature.org/waterblueprint/?utm_campaign=soci al.nature&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&utm_c ontent=1415996021#/section=overview&c=3:6.31530:- 37.17773