1. THE ATMOSPHERE AND AIR POLLUTION

2. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Lower atmosphere – contains 99% of all atmospheric air Troposphere Stratosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere

3. TROPOSPHERE Layer where we live Most of the O 2 Extends to 5-9 miles from the Earth’s surface at sea level Most weather occurs here Most dense layer of the atmosphere

4. STRATOSPHERE Directly above the troposphere Extends from 9 to 31 miles above the Earth at sea level The Ozone Layer that traps and scatters UV radiation from the sun occurs here Drier, less dense air than that found in the troposphere

5. IONOSPHERE Mesosphere Directly above the stratosphere 31-53 miles above the Earth’s surface at sea level Thermosphere Directly above the mesosphere 53-372 miles above the Earth’s surface

6. EXOSPHERE Outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere Transition zone between the Earth’s atmosphere and outer space Lowest atmospheric pressure of all the layers

7. COMPOSITION OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE 78% Nitrogen!!!! 21% O 2 0-7% water vapor (H 2 O) – varies by climate 0.01-0.1% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) – varies by location 0-0.01% Ozone (O 3 ) – varies by location

8. ATMOSPHERIC INVERSION Natural temperature gradient of lower atmospheric air is reversed Usually warm air closest to Earth and gets cooler as move away from Earth (convection currents) When dense cool air gets trapped under a layer of less dense warm air, the air becomes more still and upward air currents are prevented from developing Air pollution can get trapped and build up to harmful levels Common in large cities surrounded by hills and mountains Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico Los Angeles Vancouver, British Columbia

9. WHY DOES IT RAIN? Convection Warm air rises – less dense than cool air As warm air rises, it loses heat and cools Warm air has a higher capacity for holding water vapor As warm air rises, water vapor condenses

10. FRONTS Warm Fronts Warmer air moves into an area of cooler air As warm air rises, get drizzly rain Adds heat to cooler air and temperature and humidity near the ground increase Cold Fronts Cold air moves in and pushes warm air upwards Humidity in air condenses rapidly and falls as precipitation Usually associated with a line of rain showers and thunderstorms

11. CONVECTION CELL MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION Hadley Cells Coriolis Effect

12. OCEAN INTERACTIONS Convection currents Cool dense water from poles sinks and moves towards equator Warmer, less dense water rises and floats toward the poles Ocean currents transport a lot of Earth’s heat

13. EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) A climate shift in tropical equatorial Pacific Ocean Occurs every 3-7 years and can last a few months to up to 4 years Occur when trade winds that normally blow east to west reverse Surface waters become warmer Nutrient rich upwellings near Peru are suppressed – fish pops decrease Can effect worldwide weather patterns

14. EFFECTS OF EL NINO (1) Northern US, Canada, Brazil, Indonesia, Australia, India, Southeast Africa Less snow (snow fed rivers will decrease in spring because of lack of snow melt) Drought Wildfires Increase in diseases Malaria and dengue fever Cholera and othe water borne issue

15. EFFECTS OF EL NINO (2) Southern US, Cuba, northern Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, east Africa Suppression of hurricanes in Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean Increased flooding and landslides Increased diseases from contaminated water

16. AIR POLLUTION Anything added to the atmosphere that can cause harm to life Point source Single, stationary source – smokestacks, methane from landfills, smoke and ash from forest fires Non-point source Dispersed or mobile sources

17. Air pollutants are found throughout the entire global system. Air Pollution is the 5 th largest killer in India. China, India, Africa

18. WHY DO WE CARE? (HUMANS) We inhale 20,000 liters of air each day Causes 150,000 premature deaths in the world each year (53,000 in U.S.); aggravates other diseases U.S. human health costs from outdoor air pollution range from $40 to $50 billion per year (CDC) Health impacts - acute – pollutants bring on life-threatening reactions w/in a period of hours or days; causes headache, nausea, irritation - Chronic – pollutants cause gradual deterioration of health over years and low exposure, asthma, allergies, low energy, etc - Carcinogenic – pollutions that causes cancer e.g. benzene - Expansive  settles in water ways, bioaccumulation in food chain, effects our nearby ecosystems

19. WHY DO WE CARE? (NOT HUMAN) Damage to Plants - Agriculture – crops loss ~$5 billion/year - Forests – significant damage to Jeffrey and Ponderosa Pine along Sierra Nevada; tree growth declined 75% in San Bernardino Mountains - suspected to increase plant diseases and pests Damages buildings, bridges, statues, books Aesthetics: It looks ugly. We all try to avoid living in polluted areas (admit it…)

20. LIST OF AIR POLLUTANTS TO KNOW NO X general form refering to N 2 O (nitrous oxide), NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide), N 2 O 4 (dinitrogen tetroxide), etc. SO X general form referring to SO 2 (sulfur dioxide) and SO 3 CO 2 and CO Acidic biproducts forming acid rain and dry deposits: H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid), HNO 3 (nitric acid), HC 2 H 3 O 2 (acetic acid) Tropospheric ozone O 3 Particulate matter (ash, dust, combustion of gas or diesel black smoke)

21. CO Prevents O2 from attaching to hemoglobin in blood. Odorless, Colorless, It is created by incomplete combustion of gas and is found in car emissions

22. Particulate Matter (PM) PM ranges in size from.01 μ m to PM10. PM2.5, is of great concern, because nose hair does not filter it out and it can become embedded in the lungs. Asbestos. PM can also scatter light.

23. Particulate Matter

24. PM can create what is called a haze or smog.

25. AMAZON HAS HAZE FROM SLASH AND BURNING OF RAINFOREST

26. Major Air Pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Ozone in troposphere Lead Mercury

27. Sulfates are considered to be secondary pollutants because they are transformed from primary pollutants.

29. Gas can become a VOC because it evaporates at room temperature, leaving a strong smell, is a hydrocarbon that can leave PM, The combustion of coal is the primary cause of mercury in the air. Dry cleaner fluid, spilled gas lighter fluid are additional VOC.

30. Primary Pollutants Primary pollutants: polluting compounds coming directly out of smoke-stacks, exhaust pipes, or natural emission source E.g., CO, CO 2, SO 2, NO x, and most suspended particulate matter

31. Secondary Pollutants Secondary pollutants: pollutants transformed in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen or other compounds E.g., ozone, sulfate, and nitrate

32. Air pollution comes from both natural and human sources.

33. Natural Sources of Air Pollution Volcanoes Lightning Forest fires Plants

34. Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution Anthropogenic: From the Greek, Anthropos, “human” -genesis, “created” Meaning anything caused or created by human activity

35. Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution On-road vehicles Power plants Industrial processes Waste disposal

37. Photochemical smog is still an environmental problem in the United States.

38. Smog Formation Smog forms when sunlight, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present. California smog is mostly due to ozone and called brown smog. London has SO 2 smog and is called tea and crumpets smog. Ok, I made that up, it is gray smog.

39. Smog Formation The secondary pollutant ozone is a major component of photochemical smog. Sulfur is the main ingredient in sulfurous smog.

40. INDUSTRIAL SMOG The U.S. had its own “killer smog” from industrial pollution. Shown is Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1948, at mid-day. Subsequent demand for legislation against pollution made U.S. air much cleaner. Beijing in March 2012

41. INDUSTRIAL SMOG Chemistry of industrial smog: Burning sulfur-rich oil or coal creates SO 2, SO 3, sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate. Carbon leads to CO 2 and CO.

42. Photochemical Smog

43. CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOCHEMICA L SMOG: Nitric oxide starts a chain reaction. Reaction with sunlight, water vapor, hydrocarbon, results in over 100 secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog Photochemical smog

44. ACID DEPOSITION Acidic deposition = deposition of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto the Earth as acid rain, acid fog, acid snow One type of atmospheric deposition Caused by reaction of pollutants like SO 2 and NO with water, oxygen, and oxidants resulting in sulfuric acid or nitric acid Can have wide-ranging detrimental effects on ecosystems and the built environment

45. ACID DEPOSITION Acidic precipitation and dry fallout both are corrosive and damaging to biota pH scale goes 0 to 14 (acid to base) pH = - log [H + ] in a solution. Therefore each number higher on the pH scale is 10X more basic Acidic- produce H + ions < pH 7 Basic- OH - (hydroxide ions) > pH 7 Neutral- pure water = pH 7 Normal rain slightly acidic-pH 6.4 Acid rain a pH < 5.5

46. ACID DEPOSITION Acid deposition is created by reactions in the atmosphere, and can fall many miles from where pollution originated.

48. ACID DEPOSITION Acidity varies geographically. (Orange = more acidic) Industrialized areas and regions downwind of them suffer most. Areas with Limestone Bedrock are less acidic.Limestone Bedrock

49. ACID DEPOSITION It also eats away at statues and buildings.

50. ACID DEPOSITION Acid deposition has killed these conifer trees in the mountains of North Carolina.

51. ACID DEPOSITION Acid precipitation harms soil and plants, and alters the chemistry of ecosystems.

52. © Martin Kennedy, University of California-Riverside.

53. ACID DEPOSITION, PLANTS, AND SOIL  Nutrient leaching  Heavy metal release  Weakens trees Fig. 20-11 p. 447

54. ACID DEPOSITION Following the 1970 Clean Air Act, Sulfur emissions have decreased due to: Technology (“scrubbers”) to clean smokestacks Legislation and a market-based emissions trading scheme But nitrate pollution has risen slightly, and acidification is not being reversed as many had hoped.

55. SOLUTIONS TO ACID DEPOSITION Fig. 20-12 p. 448

56. SOURCES OF ACID RAIN Natural: a. Sulfur: Volcanoes, sea spray, microbial b. Nitrogen oxides: lightening, forest fires, microbial Anthropogenic (human caused) a. Sulfur oxides: coal burning plants, industry, fossil fuels. b. Nitrogen oxides: power plants, industrial fuel combustion, transportation c. Effect areas hundreds of miles from the source of emissions, generally not the whole globe d. Both sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are primary components of acid rain.

57. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION Indoor air spaces generally have MORE pollution than outdoor spaces. U.S. citizens spend 90% of time indoors. Countless consumer products and synthetic chemicals kept indoors are used in our daily lives. UN estimate for world: 2.2 million deaths/year from indoor air pollution 0.5 million deaths/year from outdoor air pollution

58. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION More disease from indoor (orange) pollution than outdoor (red) In developing nations, indoor cooking fires are common, and a major health risk.

59. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION In developed nations, the 2 biggest threats seem to be: Cigarette smoke: lung cancer risk for smokers and those inhaling secondhand smoke Radon: naturally occurring colorless, odorless gas; radioactive—seeps up from ground and collects in buildings; lung cancer risk

60. RADON Radon varies in its occurrence, depending on an area’s underlying geology. It is best to have your home tested for radon.

61. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION RISKS IN THE HOME

62. INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS 1. Types: benzene, formaldehyde, radon, cigarette smoke 2. Sources: off gassing from furniture, rugs and building materials, dry cleaning, adhesives, cleaning fluids, disinfectants, pesticides, heaters 3. Buildings with too many indoor air pollutants are called “sick buildings” because more than 20% of the people are sick due to occupying the building.

63. SICK BUILDING SYNDROME ON EPA WEBSITE Indicators of SBS include: Building occupants complain of symptoms associated with acute discomfort, e.g., headache; eye, nose, or throat irritation; dry cough; dry or itchy skin; dizziness and nausea; difficulty in concentrating; fatigue; and sensitivity to odors. And most of the complainants report relief soon after leaving the building. Causes of Sick Building Syndrome Inadequate ventilation Chemical contaminants from indoor sources Chemical contaminants from outdoor sources Biological contaminants Solutions to SBS: pollutant source removal, increasing ventilation rates, air cleaning/filtering, communication and education

64. OTHER INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES Many VOCs pollute indoor air (plastics, oils, cleaning fluids, adhesives, pesticides, building materials). Tiny living organisms (dust mites, animal dander, fungi, mold) can produce indoor air pollution, causing allergies, asthma, etc. When the cause of building-related illness is a mystery, the illness is often called sick-building syndrome.

65. REDUCING INDOOR AIR POLLUTION Buy and use low-toxicity products Provide good ventilation Limit exposure to plastics, treated wood, pesticides, cleansing fluids (put in garage, not home) Test home for radon Test drinking water for lead from pipes In developing world, provide ventilation, install clean-burning stoves, shift to gas

66. CONCLUSION Indoor air pollution is a potentially serious health threat. Outdoor air pollution has been addressed more effectively by government legislation and regulation. There is much room for improvement in reducing acidic deposition and photochemical smog. This will continue to pose a challenge as less- wealthy nations industrialize.

67. REDUCING AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS Best way = Conservation, just use less! Reducing pollution from transportation Input Control (pollution prevention) a.Cleaner burning gasoline, remove lead Pb which was used as an antiknock substance b.increased fuel efficiency c.alternative modes of transportation -Mass transit, Walking, Bicycling, Electric vehicles d. decrease the number of miles driven

68. REDUCING AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS (INPUT CONTROL) e. changes in land use decisions f. catalytic converter- complete oxidation of hydrocarbons (VOCs) and carbon monoxide to CO 2 and H 2 O, makes for less the VOC and CO pollutants

69. OUTPUT POLLUTION CONTROL a)Scrubbers on smoke stacks b)taller stacks to allow for cooling and condensation c) Coal washing-using large amount of H 2 O to get rid of sulfur before burning d) Fluidized bed combustion- produces a waste ash that must be disposed of

70. REDUCING POLLUTION FROM ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Input Control (pollution prevention) A. Cleaner Burning Fuel by… -Switching to low-sulfur coal -Switching from coal to natural gas -Switching from fossil fuel to renewable energy source B. Increase Energy Efficiency by… -using insulation - using more efficient appliances

71. OUTPUT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES Technological fixes to remove air pollutants Scrubbers are “liquid filters”: exhaust fumes through a spray of H 2 O containing lime Also use elctrostatic precipators: SO 2  CaSO 3 to precipitate out Required since 1977 in part due to Clean Air Act of 1970

72. AIR POLLUTIONS PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS Incinerators: used to burn waste, used to do this in open air with no exhaust filtering, very harmful Smelting: a form of metallurgy used in mining to heat/melt and add electrolysis to molten ore to isolate the desired mineral/metal Since removal of lead from car gasoline, levels of Pb found in the environment, in animals and humans has been reduced significantly. In 1960s biggest source of air pollution was factories and industry. But since Clean Air Acts of 1970 and 1990, they have been regulated and there has been a decrease in atmospheric concentrations of VOCs, SOx, CO, NOx and particulate matter (soot, smoke). Today biggest source of air pollution is transportation, vehicles. A few years ago, China surpassed the USA as being the highest emitter of carbon dioxide. And the Asia/Pacific region is a bigger carbon dioxide emitting region than North America.