1. IGBP Carbon Data Syntheses and the problems they will (help us) solve Are Olsen Institute of Marine Research & Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bob Key, Princeton Toste Tanhua, GEOMAR Mario Hoppema, AWI Siv Lauvset, Bjerknes Emil Jeansson, Bjerknes Sara Jütterstrøm, Gøteborg U. Reiner Steinfeldt, U Bremen Alex Kozyr, CDIAC Benjamin Pfeil, Bjerknes Dorothee Bakker, UEA Chris Sabine, NOAA/PMEL Nicolas Metzl, L’OCEAN Steve Hankin, NOAA/PMEL Denis Pierrot, NOAA/AOML Abdir Omar, Bjerknes Ingunn Skjelvan, Bjerknes Truls Johannessen, Bjerknes

3. Voluntary Observing Ships -VOS Global Ocean Carbon Observations Repeat sections

4. Voluntary Observing Ships -VOS Global Ocean Carbon Observations Repeat sections Sea-air CO 2 fluxes Takahashi et al., 2009 Anthropogenic CO 2 inventory Khatiwala et al., 2010

5. Voluntary Observing Ships -VOS Global Ocean Carbon Observations Repeat sections Watson et al., 2009 Olsen & Jeansson 0-500 m 500-1000 m CarbonAnthropogenic carbon

6. The large scale climatological state of ocean carbon cycle is understood: -it absorbs ~25% of emitted CO 2 /yr -it has taken up ~50% of CO 2 emitted since pre-industrial times New observations revels large regional and short term (<10 year) variations: -Underlying mechanisms are not understood (sensitivity to global change). -Their integrated global impact is not known. -Not or only partly reproduced in climate models (either because of the observations of because of the models ). Calls for: -more observations -better observations (better timed, better placed) -better integration of the observations to allow (relatively) high frequency large scale assessments Ocean carbon science: from climatological view to dynamic view

7. Community Driven Data Syntheses 1.Rescue, secure quality of & provide easy access to existing ocean carbon data: 2. Initiate future routine efforts by: Do first step AND develop & implement required methodology

8. 2001-2011 -85 Scientists from 12 countries -Assembeled surface ocean CO 2 partial pressure data from global ocean into one collection >6.5 e6 quality controlled and documented data points - all pCO2 data collected from late -60s to mid 2000s - two products are available - www.SOCAT.infowww.SOCAT.info

9. Global Seasonal & Decadal Surface Ocean CO 2 Dec, Jan, Feb. June, July, Aug.

10. SOCAT outlook SOCAT still running, workshops: May, Seattle & July Tsukuba, Japan SOCAT version 2 – scheduled release late 2012 SOCAT as an near-operational effort feeding GOOS, Global Carbon Project, Scientists worldwide etc…. SOCAT automated data submission and quality controll system SOCAT Users 13

11. Interior Ocean Carbon Synthesis Ongoing effort to assemble data from 700 cruises into a consistent, quality controlled and fully documented database Early 70s until 2011 Tentative release date, March 2013

12. Key et al., 2004 Key, Jutterström, Hoppema, Olsen and Tanhua et al, 2010 Ishii, Suzuki et al., 2012 WOCE/JGOFS 1990s global CO 2 survey. Plus historical data (GEOSECS, TTO, SAVE etc). ~115 cruises Atlantic and SO data from mostly European sources from 90s and early 2000s. ~190 cruises Pacific data from mostly Japanese cruises from 90s and 2000s. ~300 cruises

13. 1. Organise, primary QC and archive original cruise files 2a. Determine cruise by cruise offets 2b. Determine optimal adjustments using least squares inversion 2c. Apply selected adjustments, merge and distribute DATA PRODUCTS 2. Consistency analyses

14. Proposed use: A data driven diagnostic model of global ocean biogeochemistry C. Rödenbeck et al.

15. Rödenbeck et al., OS, subm

16. Summary Marine CO 2 science is turning from a data limited to a data driven discipline. Routine, community-driven data syntheses maximise the scientific output from the data. SOCAT deals with surface ocean data & GLODAP delas with deep ocean data. We are now in the process of operationalize these efforts.